林露,張猛
腦血管疾病已超過惡性腫瘤成為中國第一致死病因,同時還具有極高的致殘率[1]。急性缺血性卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)是最常見的腦血管疾病。血小板活化在AIS血栓形成中占有重要地位,快速有效地抑制血小板過度活化一直是針對缺血性卒中治療的關鍵環節。
1.1 血小板聚集是血栓形成的始動環節 動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是AIS的主要病因之一。AS造成血管內膜損傷,膠原和組織因子暴露,血小板膜上的糖蛋白(glycoprotein,GP)Ⅰb/Ⅸ通過血管假血友病因子(Von Willebrand factor,vWF)與膠原結合,致血小板黏附、活化,釋放出二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)和血栓素A2(thromboxane A2,TXA2)等物質,使血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的表達增加,受體結合位點暴露,與纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fg)、vWF、纖維結合蛋白(fibrinectin,Fn)等配體的親合力增強,造成血小板聚集。同時各個血小板還可以通過GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體與Fg橋梁結合而形成血小板微聚集體,導致血小板進一步活化,加速血栓形成[2]。
1.2 傳統抗血小板藥物 傳統抗血小板藥物主要包括以下幾種:①TXA2抑制劑(如阿司匹林、乙酰水楊酸),通過使環氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)失活,抑制TXA2的合成;②ADP P2Y12受體拮抗劑(如氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛),抑制ADP介導的血小板活化;③磷酸二酯酶抑制劑(如雙嘧達莫、西洛他唑),主要抑制磷酸二酯酶活性使血小板內環磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)濃度上升,抑制血小板聚集[3]。
1.3 新型抗血小板藥物——GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑 GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體的研究始于1974年,Nurden和Caen發現由血小板聚集障礙所致的血小板無力癥,其主要分子機制為血小板膜缺失GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體[4]。GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體是黏附分子中整合素家族的一種,含兩個結合位點,一個識別RGD序列(即精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸),另一個識別KGD序列(半胱氨酸-賴氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸-色氨酸-天冬氨酸-半胱氨酸,賴氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸是其功能序列)。血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體與Fg等黏附蛋白的結合,是血小板聚集不可缺少的最終共同途徑,在止血或血栓形成中發揮重要作用。因此,抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體可直接抑制血小板活性,進而達到有效抑制血栓形成的作用。
目前文獻報道的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑包括兩大類:(1)自然界存在的肽拮抗劑,例如蝮蛇毒素等,主要從蝰蛇和鼓腹巨蝰的毒液中提取,目前尚未應用于臨床。(2)人工合成的拮抗劑,主要包括3類:①單克隆抗體,如阿昔單抗;②肽類拮抗劑,如埃替非巴肽;③非肽類拮抗劑,如替羅非班、拉米非班等[5]。阿昔單抗是Fab(antigen binding fragments)片段的重組體,半衰期只有10~30 min[6-8],數分鐘起效,是GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體的不可逆結合劑,停藥后血小板功能不能馬上恢復[9]。阿昔單抗還可以通過免疫復合物激活補體,損傷血小板[10-11],因而使用阿昔單抗的患者易于發生出血風險,且不能單純通過停藥而得到改善。埃替非巴肽是一種人工合成的環狀七肽,活性基團為KGD序列,相對于阿昔單抗,其對GPⅡb/Ⅲa的結合更強,具有更強的定向性和特異性,但埃替非巴肽具有免疫原性,可以通過激活補體損傷血小板[12-13]。替羅非班是目前國內唯一可供使用的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑,是一種非肽類酪氨酸,由解聚多肽衍生而來[6],結構與RGD序列相仿。替羅非班作為GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體的高選擇結合劑,與GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體可逆性結合,不具有免疫原性,不激活補體損傷血小板,輸注5 min即起效,停藥后4 h出血時間即恢復正常。相較于傳統抗血小板藥物,替羅非班并不增加癥狀性顱內出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,sICH)的概率,其引起出血的概率比阿昔單抗和埃替非巴肽少[14-18]。
血小板受體抑制劑在不穩定缺血事件的應用研究(Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms,PRISM-PLUS),冠脈早期快速治療研究(Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment 2,ISARREACT-2),GPⅡb/Ⅲa在非ST段抬高性急性冠脈綜合征中的早期應用研究(Early Glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa Inhibition in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome,EARLY ACS)及一些薈萃研究證實了GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑在ACS中的有效性及安全性[18-22]。但是AIS中的作用尚不明確,臨床研究主要集中在以下幾方面。
2.1 單獨用藥 阿昔單抗卒中研究(Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial,ABESTT)Ⅰ中納入385例發病6 h以內的卒中患者,實驗組195例接受阿昔單抗治療,sICH率略高于安慰劑組(3.6%vs1%),3個月后MRS評分略優于安慰劑組(P=0.33,OR1.2,95%CI0.84~1.70)[23]。ABESTTⅡ研究納入發病5 h內的808例患者,阿昔單抗組與對照組3個月良好預后率無明顯差異(32%vs33%,P=0.944),且阿昔單抗組發病5 d內致死性顱內出血及sICH的發生率明顯增加(5.5%vs0.5%,P=0.002)[24]。Stead[25]通過分析相關研究,納入474個病例,比較靜脈內使用阿昔單抗與安慰劑的差異,得出的數據也不支持卒中患者使用阿昔單抗,隨后進行的隨機對照研究中更多的采用可逆性GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑替羅非班。Torgano[14]的替羅非班在急性缺血性卒中的安全性及有效性(Study of Efficacy of Tirofiban in Acute ischemic stroke,SETIS)研究選擇發病6 h內,美國國立衛生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評分5~25分的150例AIS患者,證實替羅非班相較于阿司匹林并未增加患者顱內出血的風險,但也未發現明顯的有效性,這可能與研究納入的患者癥狀較重且研究包含后循環梗死的患者有關。Siebler[26]進行的替羅非班在急性缺血性卒中的安全性(Safety of Tirofiban in Acute Ischemic Stroke,SATIS)研究納入18~80歲,發病3~22 h,NIHSS評分4~18分的260例AIS患者,一組給予替羅非班(0.4 μg·kg-1·min-1,泵注30 min后,0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1維持48 h),另一組給予安慰劑(0.9%生理鹽水1 ml/h,泵注48 h),兩組之間出血率無明顯差異,替羅非班組在5個月內有更低的死亡率,但發病2~7 d NIHSS評分,遠期MRS評分兩組間未發現顯著差異。2014年Ciccone[27]通過納入4個研究(AbESTTⅠ 2000,Adam 1998,SETIS 2010,AbESTTⅡ study)1365個患者,除SETIS研究外,其余3個研究(1215例患者)均為阿昔單抗與安慰劑對比,結果顯示阿昔單抗未降低遠期死亡率及致殘率(OR0.97,95%CI0.77~1.22),且提高了sICH(OR4.6,95%CI2.01~10.54)。
進展性卒中(stroke in progression,SIP)是AIS的一種特殊類型,其概念和定義尚無統一標準,多數學者將其定義為缺血性卒中發病6 h至1周,雖經積極干預,但神經功能缺損癥狀和體征仍逐漸進展或呈階梯狀加重[28]。Philipps[29]的實驗選取在96 h內NIHSS評分增加大于2分的35例SIP患者給予替羅非班,未發生嚴重出血,用藥后NIHSS評分較用藥前降低(小血管閉塞vs大血管閉塞,3.4∶0.8,P=0.048)。Martin-Schild[30]納入24例進展性皮質下卒中患者,使用埃替非巴肽后42%患者NIHSS評分較用藥前降低,無sICH發生。證實了在進展性卒中使用替羅非班的有效性,并且在小血管閉塞時這種有效性可能更加明顯。
2.2 聯合溶栓治療 rt-PA靜脈溶栓是目前治療AIS的金標準,但再通率僅46%[31],其中14%~34%發生再閉塞[32],再閉塞往往發生在溶栓后65 min左右[33],原因可能是部分再通后遺留的局部栓子、內皮損傷,甚至溶栓藥物本身所誘發的血小板活化聚集等。理論上溶栓后早期抗血小板治療可以降低再閉塞的發生率,但是2012年溶栓聯合抗血小板治療缺血性卒中(antiplatelet therapy in combination with rt-PA thrombolysis in ischemic stroke,ARTIS)的隨機雙盲研究,納入642例接受rt-PA(0.9 mg/kg)靜脈溶栓的AIS患者,在溶栓后90 min內分別靜脈給予阿司匹林300 mg和安慰劑,實驗組90 d預后無明顯改善,出血率顯著增加[34]。而另一些靜脈溶栓后使用新型抗血小板藥物GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑的研究卻得到了相反的結局。Straub[35]早在2004年就報道了19例大腦中動脈閉塞心肌梗死溶栓0~1級(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI評分0~1級)的卒中患者,使用低劑量rt-PA溶栓后聯合替羅非班治療后,68%的患者血管再通(TIMI 2~3級,用藥后MRI顯示缺血區域較用藥前明顯減小),血管再通的患者取得了良好的預后,并無sICH的發生。Seitz[36]納入192例患者聯合應用低劑量rt-PA與替羅非班,48%的患者取得良好的預后。急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA聯合埃替非巴肽治療(the combined approach to lysis utilizing eptifibatide and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator rt-PA,CLEAR)的研究是第一個隨機雙盲靜脈溶栓聯合GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑治療AIS的研究,納入94例患者,69例患者使用低劑量rt-PA(0.3~0.45 mg/kg)與埃替非巴肽聯合(75 μg/kg靜脈推注后,以0.75 μg·kg-1·min-1持續泵注2 h治療),25例患者標準治療,聯合治療組發生1例sICH,標準治療組發生2例sICH,雖然此研究未證實溶栓聯合GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑的有效性,但證實了埃替非巴肽與rt-PA聯合應用的安全性[37]。而在隨后進行的急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA聯合埃替非巴肽增強治療(The Combined Approach to Lysis Utilizing Eptifibatide and rt-PA in Acute Ischemic Stroke-Enhanced Regimen,CLEAR-ER)(2013)研究納入126例患者,實驗組101例在使用減量(0.6 mg/kg)rt-PA靜脈溶栓后早期使用埃替非巴肽(135 μg/kg靜脈推注后,以0.75 μg·kg-1·min-1持續泵注2 h),49.5%取得良好預后,而對照組25例僅36.0%取得良好預后[38]。后續研究通過將CLEARER研究與國立神經病及中風研究所(National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke,NINDS)研究配對,進一步證明rt-PA與埃替非巴肽聯合治療的有效性[39]。2015年發表的急性缺血性卒中使用足量rt-PA聯合埃替非巴肽治療(CLEAR-Full Dose Regimen,CLEARFDR)研究納入27例AIS患者,使用足量rt-PA(0.9 mg/kg)靜脈溶栓后聯合使用埃替非巴肽(135 mcg/kg靜脈推注后,以0.75 mcg·kg-1·min-1持續泵注2 h),僅1例(3.7%)發生sICH,17例(63%)患者3個月后MRS評分0~1分或回歸入院前MRS評分,研究證實足量rt-PA靜脈溶栓后早期聯合使用埃替非巴肽后,不僅未增加sICH的發生率,而且還增加了患者臨床良好預后率[40]。
2.3 動脈內治療 對于大血管閉塞性卒中的患者,動脈內治療的效果遠優于單純靜脈溶栓[41-43]。但血管內治療對血管內皮或動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的機械損傷可激活血小板形成血栓,導致再閉塞,發生率為18%~22%[44-46]。Ries[47]報道在515例顱內動脈瘤的患者中48例有血栓形成,42例運用阿昔單抗后,69%患者計算機斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)中沒有梗死,也無手術附近出血或者再次出血。Saedon[48]納入74例頸內動脈剝脫術后,出現微栓子征象>50 h的患者,利用經顱彩色多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler ultrasound,TCD)檢測頸內動脈剝脫術后微栓子征象消失的時間來比較替羅非班與右旋糖酐的效果,替羅非班組僅需23 min就能使50%的微栓塞征象消失,研究證實替羅非班能有效抑制頸內動脈剝脫術后微栓塞的形成。Velat[49]報道在1373例神經血管介入的患者中,29例并發急性腦血管栓塞并且在血管閉塞的1 h內運用阿昔單抗,其中83%的患者在隨訪中MRS評分小于或等于3分。Kim[50]報道了60例AIS患者,在進行動脈內溶栓后動脈內使用替羅非班(術中根據血管造影情況使用0.2~1.0 mg,后給予替羅非班0.12 μg·kg-1·min-1泵注12 h),75.1%患者血管狹窄或閉塞得到改善,43.8%血管完全再通,31.3%血管部分再通,3個月后良好預后率達到56.3%,僅1例發生sICH。Seo[51]納入18例Solitaire支架機械取栓失敗的患者給予替羅非班治療,其中17例(94.4%)患者血管再通。2015年《中國急性缺血性卒中早期血管內介入診療指南》中也建議對溶栓、取栓后再閉塞或者急性支架內血栓形成的患者,可選擇動脈或靜脈途徑使用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體抑制劑[52]。
綜上所述,新一代GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑(如替羅非班)可與GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體高選擇可逆性結合,且不具有免疫原性,不激活補體,相較于傳統的抗血小板藥物和早期的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑(如阿昔單抗),具有起效快、作用強、安全性高等特點,已廣泛應用于ACS等心血管疾病,在AIS中的作用也越來越受到關注。結合本中心300余例替羅非班在AIS臨床應用中顯示出的安全性與有效性,筆者認為替羅非班在AIS的治療中具有良好前景,尤其是對于小血管病變性卒中、進展性卒中及溶栓或取栓后發生再閉塞的卒中,有待于大樣本多中心隨機試驗的進一步驗證。
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