翁春艷 楊 艷 李曉波
(中南大學湘雅三醫院,湖南 長沙 410013)
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染料木素抗動脈粥樣硬化的研究進展
翁春艷 楊 艷 李曉波
(中南大學湘雅三醫院,湖南 長沙 410013)
【摘要】染料木素(genistein)是一種化學結構與雌激素相似,主要從大豆、三葉草、染料木等豆科植物中提取出來的活性成分,被稱為植物雌激素,也是天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。大量研究表明染料木素可通過抗炎、抗氧化、調節脂類代謝及血管保護等機制,預防動脈粥樣硬化的發生發展。本文將從染料木素在抗炎、抗氧化、降血脂及血管保護等方面的作用出發,總結染料木素在防治動脈粥樣硬化的研究現狀,并展望染料木素在治療動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病方面的應用前景。
【關鍵詞】genistein;動脈粥樣硬化;抗炎;抗氧化
染料木素(genistein)是一種化學結構與雌激素相似,主要從大豆、三葉草、染料木等豆科植物中提取出來的活性成分,被稱為植物雌激素,也是天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。Genistein對腫瘤、心血管疾病、代謝綜合征、高血壓病、2型糖尿病、骨質疏松、皮膚病等疾病的發生有一定的預防和治療作用。WHO-CARDIAC等大型臨床研究顯示[1],genistein可以抑制動脈粥樣硬化的進程,對心血管疾病的防治具有有利的影響。越來越多的研究表明,genistein可以通過調節脂類代謝、抗氧化、抗炎及血管保護等機制,從而發揮防治動脈粥樣硬化的作用。
動脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性炎癥性疾病。大量的研究表明,genistein具有抗炎作用,可以通過調節炎癥通路,減輕炎性介質的過度表達和炎性反應,對動脈粥樣硬化有潛在的防治作用。隨機對照臨床研究表明,genistein可下調絕經后婦女TNF-α、IL-6等炎癥基因表達[2-3]。在動物模型中,genistein可通過下調TNF-α、TGF-β1、CRP、NF-κB、MAPK等炎性介質改善心肌及肝臟的炎性反應[4-5]。Genistein還可以通過抑制內皮細胞的炎性反應而保護內皮。Genistein能夠下調TNF-α誘導的sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-Selectin,MCP-1和IL-8等趨化因子的表達[6-7],并且減少高糖誘導的人主動脈內皮細胞MCP-1和IL-8的產生[8],抑制單核細胞對血管壁的黏附,控制炎性反應的進程。Genistein的這種抑制血管內皮細胞炎性反應是通過抑制NF-κB信號,激活Nrf2/HO-1、PI3K/AKT、PKA和ERK1/2信號通路實現的。其抗炎作用是不依賴于雌激素調節的信號作用機制,而是由PKA信號途徑調節。
細胞內活性氧類(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增加,產生血管內皮功能障礙,是動脈粥樣硬化啟動至關重要的一個步驟[9]。研究證明genistein的抗氧化活性有利于預防動脈粥樣硬化的發生。Genistein可以通過酪氨酸激酶途徑抑制ROS介導的LDL氧化修飾作用,降低ox-LDL水平,延緩血管平滑肌的慢性病理損傷和早期動脈粥樣硬化的發生[10-11]。Genistein亦能通過Nrf2 和PI3K通路減輕β淀粉肽誘導的氧化應激反應,減少氧化谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比例,減少ROS 水平,維持氧化還原平衡[12-13]。Genistein的這種抗氧化作用是通過Nrf2和PPAR-γ信號途徑,清除ROS,抑制黃嘌呤氧化酶,終止過氧化鏈式反應而實現的[14]。
動脈粥樣硬化的發生、發展是一個復雜的病理過程,血液中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein- cholesterol,LDL-C)和總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)含量的升高以及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)的下降是心血管疾病發生發展的重要危險因素。臨床研究表明,genistein可以降低LDL-C、TC、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)水平,提高HDL-C水平,通過調節脂代謝而發揮心血管保護作用[15-17]。健康絕經后婦女服用genistein 6個月后,LDL-C、TC水平明顯下降,肱動脈血管血流介導的舒張作用得到提高,同時更年期癥狀也得到改善[18]。絕經后2型糖尿病婦女服用genistein 1 年后,動脈硬度得到明顯改善[19]。Genistein對動脈硬化的改善作用在脂質代謝大鼠模型中亦得到驗證[15,20]。Genistein可通過下調HMG-COA還原酶和LDL受體表達而降低LDL-C水平[21]。
內皮已知是genistein的重要調節靶點。Genistein不但調節內皮細胞的增殖、凋亡和滲透性,還調節內皮細胞的功能,發揮對血管內皮的保護作用。多項研究表明genistein可調節內皮細胞的增殖,還可以抑制過氧化氫、同型半胱氨酸和TNF-α誘導的內皮細胞凋亡[22-23]。Genistein作為天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,可以抑制VEGF誘導的血管通透性增加,還可以調節緩激肽和P物質誘導的血管舒張,從而維持內膜的完整性,降低內皮的通透性,保護血管內皮[24-25]。薈萃分析顯示[26-27],包括genistein在內的大豆異黃酮可顯著改善血管內皮功能。隨機對照研究表明,genistein可通過上調NO水平和抑制ET-1表達而改善絕經后婦女的血管內皮功能。Genistein通過PKA途徑激活eNOS-cAMP信號通路而促進內皮細胞NO釋放[10,28]。
Genistein 通過多種機制防治動脈粥樣硬化,還具有抗高血壓、抗2型糖尿病、抗心律失常等多重心血管保護作用,同時兼具廣譜抗癌作用,具有廣泛的應用前景。目前防治動脈粥樣硬化的藥物主要是他汀類,而因其不良反應,部分患者出現不能耐受的情況,我們仍需開發新的保護血管、預防動脈粥樣硬化的藥物,且genistein具有多效性,來源方便,價格實惠,能夠使更多的患者獲益。
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中圖分類號:R543.5
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1671-8194(2016)07-0033-03
A dvance of Studyes on A nty-atherosclerosys Effect of G enysteyn
WENG Chun-yan, YANG Yan, LI Xiao-bo
(The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China)
[Abstract]Genistein is called phytoestrogens with a chemical structure similar to estrogen, which was mainly extracted by the leguminous plants such as soybeans, clover, and dye wood active ingredient. It is also a natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Numerous studied have demonstrated that genistein played anti-arteriosclerosis effect through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulation of lipids and vascular protection. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the anti-atherosclerosis mechanisms of genistein, which may be related to anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulation of lipids and vascular protection.
[Key words]Genistein; Anti-atherosclerosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidation