梅麗麗, 史志周
(昆明理工大學醫學院,云南 昆明 650500)
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鈣離子激活的氯離子通道蛋白ANO1在腫瘤發病機制中的作用*
梅麗麗,史志周△
(昆明理工大學醫學院,云南 昆明 650500)
惡性腫瘤具有高發病率和高死亡率的特點,嚴重威脅人類的健康。盡管人們不斷探索新的腫瘤治療方法,但現階段惡性腫瘤的預后仍然較差。因此深入研究腫瘤的發病機制,鑒定致癌基因,無論對于分子標志物的開發還是治療靶點的確定都具有重要意義。近年的研究表明,惡性腫瘤常發生鈣離子激活氯離子通道蛋白1(anoctamin 1,ANO1)的擴增和過表達,并且其功能改變與腫瘤的發生發展密切相關,因此本文將綜述ANO1在惡性腫瘤細胞增殖、轉移中的作用機制,及在分子標志物和抗腫瘤治療方面的最新研究進展。
ANO1又稱為跨膜蛋白16A(transmembrane protein 16A,TMEM16A)、DOG1(discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1)、ORAOV1(oral cancer overexpressed 1)和腫瘤擴增及過表達序列2(tumor-amplified and overexpressed sequence 2,TAOS2)[1-4],是鈣離子激活氯離子通道蛋白家族TMEM16A~K或anoctamin 1~10的成員之一[5]。ANO1基因定位于11q13.3,包含26個外顯子,編碼含8個跨膜結構域的膜蛋白,其蛋白的N端和C端均面向胞質一側。ANO1蛋白包含多個鈣離子結合位點,但準確的數目尚待進一步研究[14]。ANO1在感覺傳導、上皮分泌和平滑肌收縮等生理過程中發揮重要作用[6-9],在小鼠心肌細胞中具有鈣離子激活氯離子通道典型的陰離子轉運功能特性[10],同時ANO1在乳腺癌、頭頸鱗癌和食管鱗癌等多種惡性腫瘤中高頻擴增并過表達,且與患者的淋巴結轉移和不良預后相關[11-13]。功能研究揭示過表達ANO1具有促進腫瘤細胞增殖和遷移的作用,而降低ANO1的表達水平或活性能夠顯著抑制癌細胞的增殖和轉移。由此可見ANO1有可能成為潛在的分子標志物和抗腫瘤治療的一個重要靶點。
迄今為止,已經在胃腸道間質瘤、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌、食管鱗癌、前列腺癌、結直腸癌和胰腺癌等多種惡性腫瘤中發現ANO1的過表達,并且其過表達與多種腫瘤的預后相關,在功能上具有促進腫瘤細胞的增殖和轉移的作用[14-15]。
在細胞正常生長和癌變過程中,組蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC)是調控細胞增殖及分化的關鍵酶。最新研究發現,在腫瘤細胞中,ANO1受組蛋白去乙酰化酶的調控[16]。在ANO1高頻擴增的惡性腫瘤中,HDAC3抑制劑可以下調乳腺癌細胞系YMB-1和前列腺癌細胞系PC-3中ANO1的表達,進而抑制了鈣離子激活氯離子通道活性和癌細胞的增殖和遷移[17-18]。鑒于目前panobinostat、vorinostat和romidepsin等組蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制劑已經用于淋巴瘤等的臨床治療,而ANO1是HDAC下游重要調控基因,因此ANO1也有可能成為腫瘤治療的新靶點。
ANO1在腫瘤細胞中發揮促進細胞增殖的作用。最新的研究表明過表達ANO1通過激活表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和鈣調素依賴蛋白激酶II(calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II,CAMK II)誘導AKT激活和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)信號,從而促進乳腺癌、頭頸鱗癌和食管鱗癌的進展。Duvvuri 等[19]發現ANO1過表達是通過增加細胞外信號調節激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)激活誘導細胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1,CCND1)表達促進腫瘤細胞的增殖和腫瘤的生長。同時,研究表明ANO1過表達誘導RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK通路激活促進腫瘤細胞的增殖。此外,在ANO1過表達的乳腺癌細胞系ZR75-1、HCC1954和MDA-MB-415中,頭頸鱗癌細胞系(Te11)和食管鱗癌細胞系(FaDu)中抑制ANO1的表達,可顯著抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖[20]。同時Mazzone等[21]用ANO1的特異性抑制劑T16Ainh-A01(10 μmol/L)作用于ANO1過表達的乳腺癌細胞系YMB-1和前列腺癌細胞系PC-3,結果表明癌細胞的增殖能力被顯著抑制[22-23]。綜上所述,ANO1通過其氯離子通道蛋白的活性發揮促進腫瘤細胞增殖的的作用。
目前研究報道提出2個可能機制解釋ANO1通過氯離子通道活性參與對細胞增殖的調節。一是氯離子通道蛋白本身可能影響細胞內信號通路[24],或是增強細胞內激酶活性而促進腫瘤細胞增殖,例如ANO1通過激活MAPK直接促進腫瘤細胞的增殖[19];二是細胞內氯離子濃度的改變會對氯離子通道活性產生影響,間接影響腫瘤細胞增殖,最新研究發現氯離子濃度有助于腫瘤形成[25-26]。雖然較多的研究表明ANO1可以促進多種腫瘤細胞的增殖,但其詳細的調控機制仍然未被闡明。
ANO1不但促進細胞細胞增殖,而且與腫瘤轉移也密切相關。目前研究表明,在頭頸鱗癌、胰腺癌、口腔鱗狀細胞癌和肺癌中ANO1過表達有助于癌細胞轉移[27]。Ayoub等[21]發現在頭頸鱗癌細胞系HEP-2中ANO1過表達能刺激細胞運動、附著、擴散、分離和侵襲。Schroeder等[28]和Yang等[29]分別利用膜片鉗技術證明ANO1具有需鈣離子激活的氯離子通道活性,這一發現為闡明ANO1在腫瘤轉移中的作用指出了新的方向,即ANO1離子通道功能是否參與調控癌細胞的轉移過程及其機制是什么。當ANO1過表達時,細胞膜上的鈣離子和氯離子通道增多,鈣離子和氯離子跨膜轉運會增多,從而導致胞內滲透壓的節律變化加快,促進了細胞的遷移。Ruiz等[1]研究發現在頭頸鱗癌細胞系BHY和CAL-33中ANO1過表達誘導細胞中鈣離子激活氯離子電流、細胞運動和遷移,采用ANO1特異性抑制劑T16Ainh-A01作用后,結果顯示細胞的遷移速率明顯下降。ANO6是ANO家族中另一個離子通道,有研究表明,在艾氏腹水癌細胞中用siRNA穩定沉默ANO1或ANO6,遷移分析表明ANO1沉默改變他們的遷移方向,而ANO6沉默顯示細胞遷移率降低[30]。因此,該項研究表明ANO1確定了腫瘤細胞遷移方向,而ANO6則確定腫瘤細胞遷移的速度。最新研究發現在胰腺癌細胞系CFPAC-1和口腔鱗癌細胞系SCC-25中ANO1過表達也促進了癌細胞的轉移[22, 31]。因此,ANO1過表達有助于腫瘤細胞轉移。
最新的研究表明,在小鼠體內移植腫瘤中抑制ANO1的表達可以降低癌細胞的轉移和侵襲[27]。同時抑制ANO1的表達可顯著降低肺癌細胞的侵襲和轉移[32]。通過對11萬個化合物的高通量篩選,Namkung等[33]發現了一種新型的小分子,它作為ANO1的特異性抑制劑被命名為T16Ainh-A01。研究發現,在癌細胞增殖過程中ANO1的特異性抑制劑T16Ainh-A01可以降低癌細胞的增殖,尤其在頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌(SCC1)、胰腺癌(CFPAC-1)和前列腺癌(T24)細胞系中更顯著[20, 24, 27]。但是這個抑制劑的作用機理還不清楚。最新的研究表明,艾地苯醌、咪康唑和白花丹醌被確定為ANO1新的抑制劑。艾地苯醌可以抑制ANO1的活性,從而抑制癌細胞的增殖和誘導癌細胞凋亡[34]。以上研究結果表明對ANO1抑制劑的進一步研究將有助于癌癥治療。
大量研究均表明抑制ANO1會對某些腫瘤進展起到明顯的抑制作用,因此,ANO1有望成為治療腫瘤的新靶點。但目前對于ANO1如何通過促進腫瘤細胞增殖和轉移進而加速腫瘤進展的分子機制了解較少,因此未來研究的重點是揭示ANO1調控的下游重要分子,并闡明ANO1調控腫瘤生長和轉移的分子機制。相信隨著分子生物學技術及實驗條件的不斷發展,人們對ANO1將會有更深入的了解。
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(責任編輯:林白霜, 羅森)
Effects of ANO1 on tumorigenesis
MEI Li-li, SHI Zhi-zhou
(MedicalFacultyofKunmingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kunming650500,China.E-mail:zhizhoushi@126.com)
Anoctamin 1 (ANO1) is a calcium-activated chloride channel and is amplified and over-expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumor, breast cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck squamous cell cancer, esophageal squamous cell cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. The amplification and over-expression of ANO1 are associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. ANO1 promotes tumor formation and metastasis, and the drugs that inhibit the activity or expression of ANO1 show antitumor effects. Therefore, ANO1 may promote the tumorigenesis, and may be a molecular biomarker and a new target for cancer therapy.
Anoctamin 1; 腫瘤; 增殖; 轉移
Anoctamin 1; tumors; Proliferation; Metastasis
1000- 4718(2016)04- 0759- 04
2015- 10- 22
2015- 11- 24
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No. 81460425);云南省應用基礎研究計劃青年項目(No. 2013FD012)
Tel: 0871-65920761; E-mail: zhizhoushi@126.com
R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2016.04.029
雜志網址: http://www.cjpp.net