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種植支持式固定修復(fù)體兩種固位方式的研究進(jìn)展

2016-02-17 22:51:39
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報 2016年21期

祝 潔 彭 靜

中國武警總醫(yī)院口腔科,北京100039

種植支持式固定修復(fù)體兩種固位方式的研究進(jìn)展

祝 潔 彭 靜

中國武警總醫(yī)院口腔科,北京100039

種植支持式固定修復(fù)體的固位方式主要分為粘接固位與螺絲固位,學(xué)者們對于二者的選擇一直存有爭議,本文從這個問題出發(fā),就其各自在種植修復(fù)體加工難易度及成本、修復(fù)體被動就位、取戴便利性、咬合負(fù)載應(yīng)力、修復(fù)體固位力、美觀效果、對周圍組織健康的影響、種植體及修復(fù)體成功率八個方面,對最新研究進(jìn)展做一綜述,以期為臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。

粘接固位;螺絲固位;種植支持式;固定修復(fù)

種植支持式固定義齒的固位方式主要包括粘接固位與螺絲固位,學(xué)者們對于二者的選擇一直存有爭議。本文將從這個問題出發(fā),就其各自臨床適用情況及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的最新進(jìn)展做一綜述。

1 修復(fù)體加工難易度及成本

由于可利用傳統(tǒng)修復(fù)技術(shù)和條件[1-2],所以粘接固位修復(fù)體的制作更簡單,但做美學(xué)區(qū)修復(fù)時,常需用螺絲固位式臨時修復(fù)體塑造個性化穿齦形態(tài),同時借助它可獲得軟組織的精確復(fù)制,邊緣更密合[3]。在維護(hù)方面,螺絲固位可以用比粘接固位更少的時間[4-5]修理或更換修復(fù)體部件。但螺絲固位修復(fù)時需要額外的部件,通常在使用成本上會更高一些[6],所以一定要權(quán)衡好選擇螺絲固位增加的成本和可能破壞粘接式修復(fù)體的潛在成本。

2 修復(fù)體被動就位

獲得被動就位是保證長期種植修復(fù)、防止機(jī)械并發(fā)癥的先決條件。這或許是由于達(dá)到被動就位修復(fù)體不會在植體和骨之間產(chǎn)生不良應(yīng)力,且能使固位螺絲完全發(fā)揮作用而把種植相關(guān)部件牢牢結(jié)合成一體[7],反之,可能會產(chǎn)生生物性或修復(fù)體方面的并發(fā)癥。

有研究中認(rèn)為粘接固位比螺絲固位修復(fù)體更容易獲得被動就位[8-9],而大多數(shù)研究報道二者并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[10-13]。此外,盡管受固位機(jī)制和潛在參數(shù)很小的影響,種植固定修復(fù)體應(yīng)力的產(chǎn)生主要在于制作過程的精準(zhǔn)度[14],由于加工設(shè)備內(nèi)部固有誤差等因素,修復(fù)體幾乎不可能達(dá)到完全的被動就位[15]。

3 修復(fù)體取戴便利性

涉及多個種植體的螺絲固位修復(fù)體難免在制作中有一定程度形變,通常認(rèn)為粘接固位補(bǔ)償了這種誤差,不過它不具備取戴上的便利性[16]。有學(xué)者為了兼顧二者的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[17],進(jìn)行了許多改良固位方式的嘗試,取得了不錯的效果。

與粘接固位相比,螺絲固位主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是可預(yù)期的取戴便利性,這樣不必?fù)p壞修復(fù)體或固位裝置。因此,可隨時評估種植體和軟組織的情況,便于清除牙石、清理種植部件等。所以懸臂式和A11-On-4等全牙弓種植修復(fù)體最好使用螺絲固位[18]。

4 修復(fù)體咬合負(fù)載應(yīng)力

有學(xué)者指出螺絲固位發(fā)生技術(shù)性并發(fā)癥和瓷崩裂的情況要比粘接固位高的多[19],在同樣咬合負(fù)載條件下,咬合面沒有螺絲通道孔的粘接固位可建立理想穩(wěn)定的咬合接觸[2,9],修復(fù)體抗折裂強(qiáng)度顯著比有孔道的要大[20-21]。同時,螺絲孔道充填材料影響了咬合負(fù)載的方向,咬合力會被分散成側(cè)方力傳遞到植體上,而不是直接的軸向力[16]。而無論在軸向和斜向負(fù)載下,粘接固位種植支持式義齒呈現(xiàn)了更好的應(yīng)力程度及分布[23]。

5 修復(fù)體固位力

對于粘接固位修復(fù)體,基臺的特性比如錐度、表面積和高度及粘接劑類型都可影響固位力[24-25]。根據(jù)Jorgensen對天然牙提出的理想錐度概念,許多生產(chǎn)商制作的基臺最大錐度為6°[26]。冠和基臺通常位于齦下2~3 mm,為確保固位力,基臺高度至少為5 mm[27]。所以當(dāng)牙弓間距離受限,如小于4 mm時,建議用螺絲固位。選擇粘接劑時,應(yīng)根據(jù)臨床患者情況及粘接劑性能[28-29],現(xiàn)有粘接系統(tǒng)均可獲得良好效果。有學(xué)者做了10~23年的追蹤,證實(shí)氧化鋅粘接劑可提供充足粘接力,且未發(fā)生種植體周圍炎[30]。

螺絲固位修復(fù)體的固位力由螺絲擰緊產(chǎn)生,所以環(huán)抱力不足、螺絲未擰到位、生物機(jī)械負(fù)載過重、非軸向力、基臺和修復(fù)體就位不良、種植體直徑等都會影響固位力大?。?1-33]。

6 修復(fù)體美觀效果

種植修復(fù)最終美觀效果很大程度上取決于種植體周圍軟硬組織余量、類型以及植體位置。受牙槽骨解剖條件限制,螺絲固位的孔道可能會暴露在美學(xué)區(qū),此時通常使用粘接固位[35],如果要用螺絲固位,為讓螺絲孔遠(yuǎn)離美學(xué)區(qū)需使用角度或定訂基臺[7],螺絲至少偏離種植體長軸17°來為固位螺絲留出足夠空間。在后牙區(qū),復(fù)合樹脂等不透明材料的應(yīng)用一定程度上改善了修復(fù)體的美觀。

7 對種植體周圍組織健康的影響

粘接劑殘留是粘接固位一個常見問題,這會造成軟組織炎癥及植體周圍骨吸收[6,37-38]。因此,戴冠后去除多余粘接劑至關(guān)重要。而螺絲固位由于存在微間隙,會有液體或細(xì)菌的侵入[39]。不僅如此,有學(xué)者在部分無牙頜患者中對比了兩種固位方式長期修復(fù)效果及并發(fā)癥,也發(fā)現(xiàn)在邊緣骨吸收和牙齦指數(shù)方面,粘接固位要更好一些[40]。但多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為二者均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[41-42]。

8 種植體及修復(fù)體成功率

許多因素影響著種植體及其修復(fù)體的成功,包括患者全身健康狀況、種植位點(diǎn)選擇、固位方式選擇、生物力學(xué)因素、咬合負(fù)載情況及口腔衛(wèi)生維護(hù)等[43],固位方式選擇是一個重要方面,有許多學(xué)者通過長期隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)或系統(tǒng)性綜述等對比了兩種修復(fù)體的成功率,多數(shù)認(rèn)為二者并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[44-48]。其中,Wittneben等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),但是總體來講,螺絲固位修復(fù)體在技術(shù)性或生物性并發(fā)癥方面略少一些。

9 小結(jié)

種植支持式固定修復(fù)體的兩種不同固位方式各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),醫(yī)師常根據(jù)臨床需要和自己的偏好來選擇,本文從不同角度客觀敘述了二者最新研究結(jié)果,但是對于兩種固位方式均可的情況下,其各自在不同方面的長期臨床效果及具有壓倒性優(yōu)勢的選擇,目前仍缺乏足夠循證醫(yī)學(xué)的證據(jù),對此仍需要進(jìn)一步追蹤研究。

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Research progress on two ways of retention for implant-supported fixed prosthesis

ZHU JiePENG Jing
Department of Stomato1ogy,the Genera1 Hospita1 of Chinese Armed Po1ice Force,Beijing100039,China

There are two ways of retention for imp1ant-supported fixed prosthesis,inc1uding cemented and screwed retained prosthesis.It's a controversia1 issue that which way is better among scho1ars.This artic1e discusses the research progress on two ways of retention for imp1ant-supported fixed restoration from eight aspects,inc1uding processing difficu1ty and cost of imp1ant prosthesis,passive fit,retrievabi1ity,occ1usa1 1oad,retention of prosthesis,esthetics,effects on the surrounding tissues,success rate of imp1ant and prostheses,in order to provide a reference for c1inica1 app1ication.

Cemented retainde;Screwed retained;Imp1ant supported;Fixed prosthesis

R783.6

A

1673-7210(2016)07(c)-0086-04

2016-04-21本文編輯:程銘)

祝潔(1989.6-),女,碩士研究生,主要從事口腔醫(yī)學(xué)研究。

彭靜(1968.7-),男,博士,主要從事口腔醫(yī)學(xué)研究。

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