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基于線粒體COⅠ基因序列的遼寧沿海細紋子魚群體遺傳多樣性分析

2016-03-09 09:13:38李玉龍劉修澤李軼平王愛勇王小林
海洋漁業 2016年2期

李玉龍,劉修澤,李軼平,王愛勇,王小林,董 婧

(遼寧省海洋水產科學研究院,遼寧省海洋生物資源與生態學重點實驗室,大連 116023)

李玉龍,劉修澤,李軼平,王愛勇,王小林,董 婧

(遼寧省海洋水產科學研究院,遼寧省海洋生物資源與生態學重點實驗室,大連 116023)

細紋子魚(Liparis tanakae)主要分布于西北太平洋海域的朝鮮半島、日本和我國渤海、黃海和東海,已成為黃渤海漁業資源的優勢種類之一,并在黃渤海生態系統中的扮演著越來越重要的角色。因此,有必要對這一生態優勢種的種群狀況及遺傳背景進行了解。根據線粒體COⅠ基因序列對遼寧沿海不同體色花紋的細紋子魚遼東灣群體(n=20)和黃海北部群體(n=34)的遺傳多樣性和群體遺傳結構進行了分析。結果表明,長度為623 bp的COⅠ基因片段,其A、T、G、C堿基的平均含量分別為22.3%,32.4%,26.9%,18.4%。在2個群體54 ind個體中共檢測得到8個單倍型,其單倍型間遺傳差異為0.2%~0.6%。兩個群體的單倍型多樣性指數和核苷酸多態性指數分別在0.56±0.06和0.70±0.05、0.001 0±0.000 9和0.001 7± 0.001 3之間。分子方差分析顯示兩群體間無遺傳分化。核苷酸不配對分析表明,細紋子魚群體在50 000~116 000年前經歷了群體擴張。

細紋子魚;線粒體COⅠ基因;遺傳多樣性;遺傳結構

1 材料與方法

1.1 樣品采集

圖1 子魚樣品取樣站位圖Fig.1 Sampling locations of snailfishes

1.2 DNA提取、擴增及測序

采用酚/氯仿抽提法從肌肉組織中提取基因組DNA。采用聚合酶鏈式反應(PCR)技術擴增了COⅠ基因部分序列片段。所用正向引物和反向引 物序列 分別為COⅠ a:5′-cctgcaggaggaggagaycc-3′和COⅠ b:5′-atgcatatctatctgccattttag-3′[22]。

反應體系25μL,包括:0.2 mmol·L-1每種dNTPs,0.2μmol·L-1每種引物,1μL DNA模板,1 U Taq,2.0 mmol·L-1MgCl2,2.5μL 10×緩沖液,滅菌超純水補足剩余體系。PCR擴增在Gene Amp 9700型PCR儀上進行,反應程序:94℃預變性5 min后,94℃變性50 s,52℃退火1min,72℃延伸1 min,共35個循環,最后72℃下延伸5 min。PCR產物純化后雙向測序(上海英濰捷基)。

圖2 子魚樣品的體表特征Fig.2 Body surface characteristics of samples

1.3 數據分析

測定的COⅠ基因序列進行BLAST(http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/BLAST/)檢索,確定序列為目的片段并將其翻譯成氨基酸序列以排除假基因干擾。利用CLUSTAL X1.8[25]軟件輔以人工校對對序列進行比對及相似性分析。按樣品的地理來源將子魚劃分為2個群體,遼東灣20 ind細紋子魚個體歸為一個群體(LD),黃海北部34 ind個體歸為黃海北部群體(HB)。用DnaSP v5[26]軟件確定單倍型。單倍型多樣性指數(h)、核苷酸多樣性指數(π)根據Nei的公式由Arlequin 3.01[27]軟件計算。采用Mega 3.0軟件[28]統計堿基含量、變異位點,采用Kimura雙參數模型計算細紋子魚單倍型間的遺傳距離并構建NJ(neighbour-joining)系統樹,采用Bootstrap 1000檢驗分子系統樹各分支的置信度。此外,為探討單倍型的譜系結構,采用中介網絡法[29]構建單倍型網絡關系圖。使用Arlequin 3.01軟件中的分子變異分析(AMOVA)[30]來評估群體間遺傳變異,其顯著性通過1 000次重抽樣來檢驗,群體間的遺傳距離采用Kimura 2-parameter模型計算。

通過Arlequin 3.01軟件進行中性檢驗和核苷酸不配對分布分析來檢測細紋子魚的群體歷史動態。中性檢驗由Tajima’D檢驗[31]和Fu’s Fs檢驗[32]來驗證。統計檢驗的檢驗值如果是負值并且顯著偏離中性,則可能是群體擴張或瓶頸效應等原因造成的[33]。對于那些沒有顯著偏離擴張模型的分布,采用廣義非線性最小方差法(general non-linear least square)估算擴張參數τ,并通過公式τ=2ut轉化為實際的擴張時間,其中u是所研究的整個序列長度的突變速率,其置信區間采用參數重抽樣法計算[34]。在棘頭梅童魚(Collichthys lucidus)[21]以及銀鯧(Pampus argenteus)[23]的遺傳多樣性研究中都采用2%/ MY(百萬年)這一線粒體基因的平均進化速率作為魚類COⅠ基因的突變速率,本研究采用這一速率估算遼寧沿海細紋子魚群體的擴張時間。另外根據這一進化速率,應用Network 4.6.1.0(http://www.fluxus-technology.com)估算遼寧沿海細紋子魚群體的擴張時間以檢驗兩種方法估算的群體擴張時間是否一致。

2 結果與分析

2.1 堿基組成及序列變異分析

8個變異位點定義了 8種單倍型(Haplotype1-8),Hap1和Hap5是細紋子魚群體的主體單倍型,其所占頻率分別為44.4%、40.7%,除此之外,其它單倍型僅在1個或2個個體中檢測到。8個單倍型在黃海北部群體中都被檢測到,遼東灣20 ind個體僅發現3種單倍型(Hap1、Hap5、Hap7),且都為與黃海北部群體的共享單倍型。不同花紋模式的子魚個體共享同一單倍型,不同子魚個體間的遺傳距離范圍為0%~0.6%,屬于種內差異水平。單倍型頻率及其在兩群體中的分布如表1所示。

單倍型多樣性指數(h)、核苷酸多樣性指數(π)和其它群體多樣性指數如表2所示。此外,根據已有資料比較了細紋子魚與中國沿海其它幾種海水魚類相同基因片段遺傳多樣性參數(表3)。從表3中可以看出,不管從單倍型多樣性指數(0.64±0.04)還是從核苷酸多樣性指數(0.14%±0.11%)來看,遼寧沿海細紋子魚群體的遺傳多樣性處于中等或相對較低水平。

Tab.1 Variable sites and hap lotype frequencies of COⅠgene fragments of L.tanakae

注:LD代表遼東灣群體,HB代表黃海北部群體Note:LD and HB represent Liaodong Bay and north of the Yellow Sea,respectively

表2 不同群體細紋子魚COⅠ基因的遺傳多樣性指數Tab.2 Summary ofmolecular diversity for L.tanakae

表2 不同群體細紋子魚COⅠ基因的遺傳多樣性指數Tab.2 Summary ofmolecular diversity for L.tanakae

注:LD代表遼東灣群體,HB代表黃海北部群體Note:LD and HB represent Liaodong Bay and north of the Yellow Sea,respectively

群體Sample樣本數Sample size單倍型數No.of haplotype單倍型多樣性指數h核苷酸多樣性指數/% π Tajima’s D檢驗Tajima’s D test D P Fu’s Fs檢驗Fu’s Fs test Fs P群體擴張參數Demographic expansion τ θ0 θ17 0.02 0.97 0 99 999 LD 20 3 0.56±0.06 0.10±0.09 - - - - - - -HB 34 8 0.70±0.05 0.17±0.13 - - - - - - -Total 54 8 0.64±0.04 0.14±0.11-1.35 0.06 -3.4

表3 細紋子魚與其它幾種海水魚類COⅠ基因遺傳多樣性參數比較Tab.3 Com parison of genetic parameters of 5 fish species

表3 細紋子魚與其它幾種海水魚類COⅠ基因遺傳多樣性參數比較Tab.3 Com parison of genetic parameters of 5 fish species

參考文獻Reference細紋子魚L.tanakae 54 8 0.64±0.04 0.14±0.11群體Sample樣本數Sample size單倍型數No.of haplotype單倍型多樣性指數h核苷酸多樣性指數/% π本研究棘頭梅童魚Collichthys lucidus 209 44 0.79±0.02 1.11±0.02 趙明等[21]銀鯧Pampus argenteus 111 33 0.62±0.05 0.2±0.1 吳仁協等[23]大彈涂魚Boleophthalmus pectinirostris 118 59 0.952 0.27 楊帆等[35]鱭屬魚類Coilia 150 63 0.556~0.933 0.2~0.5 周曉犢等[36]

2.2 單倍型間遺傳關系

圖3 細紋子魚不同個體(A)及單倍型(B)NJ系統樹(圓圈面積表示單倍型的頻率)Fig.3 Neighbor-joining tree show ing the relationship among individuals(A)and COⅠhaplotypes(B)for L.tanakae(Circle areas depict proportions of haplotypes)

表4 遼寧沿海兩個細紋子魚群體的AMOVA分析Tab.4 Analysis of molecular variation for populations of L.tanakae

表4 遼寧沿海兩個細紋子魚群體的AMOVA分析Tab.4 Analysis of molecular variation for populations of L.tanakae

變異來源Variation source自由度d f方差總和Sum of squares變異組分Variance components變異貢獻率Percentage of variation F ST P群體間Among population 1 0.104 -0.013 47 -3.14 -0.031 0.97群體內Within population 52 23.045 0.443 17 103.14總數Total 53 23.149 0.429 70 100.00

2.3 群體遺傳分化

基于COⅠ基因對細紋子魚LD和HB群體的分子變異分析表明:103.14%的差異屬于群體內差異,群體間差異為-3.14%,FST值為負值(表4),這表明本研究中遼寧沿海兩個細紋子魚群體為同一群體且無遺傳分化。

2.4 群體歷史動態

用Tajima’D檢驗[31]和Fu’s Fs檢驗[32]這兩種廣泛使用的統計檢驗方法來進行中性檢驗,結果見表2。合并數據后總群體的Fu’s Fs值為負值且檢驗都是顯著的(P<0.05),Tajima’D值也為負值且檢驗接近顯著(P=0.06),這表明細紋子魚經歷了明顯的群體擴張。

用核苷酸不配對分布(mismatch distribution)分析細紋子魚群體的歷史動態,遼寧沿海細紋子魚群體核苷酸不配對分布呈現明顯的單峰類型(圖5),對θ0和θ1進行的估算表明細紋子魚群體經歷了明顯的群體增長,提示分布于遼寧沿海的細紋子魚群體經歷了明顯的群體擴張。核苷酸不配對分布的峰值τ提供了一個估算群體大致發生擴張的時間。細紋子魚的τ值的觀測值為0.967(95%CI:0.629~1.445)。根據COⅠ2%的進化速率和τ值根據公式τ=2ut推算出的群體擴張時間約為7.76×104年[(0.5~1.16)×105年]。

圖4 細紋子魚單倍型的MJ網絡圖(數字表示突變位點,圓圈面積表示單倍型的頻率)Fig.4 Median-network showing phylogenetic relationships among mtDNA COⅠ gene haplotypes of L.tanakae.(Numbers in the lines represent the sites of nucleotide substitutions,circle areas depict proportions of hap lotypes.)

圖5 細紋子魚COⅠ單倍型的核苷酸不配對分布Fig.5 Observed pairwise difference(bars)and expected mismatch distributions(line)under the sudden expansion model of COⅠgene haplotypes in L.tanakae

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Genetic diversity analysis of snailfish Liparis tanakae in the Liaoning coast based on COⅠgene sequences

LI Yu-long,LIU Xiu-ze,LI Yi-ping,WANG Ai-yong,WANG Xiao-lin,DONG Jing
(Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology,Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science research Institute,Dalian116023,China)

Liparis tanakaeis mainly distributed in the coasts of China,Japan and Korea.As one of the dominate species in the coastal waters of China,it has become the top predator and won high status in fisheries ecosystem in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.However,little is known about the genetic diversity and population genetic structure ofL.tanakae.In this study,the genetic diversity and population genetic structure ofLiparis tanakaefrom the Liaodong Bay(n=20)and north of the Yellow Sea(n=34)were examined with a 623 bp segment ofmtDNA cytochrome oxidase I(COⅠ)gene.PCR amplification products of 623 bpCOⅠgene fragments were obtained,and the average contents of A,T,C and G were 22.3%,32.4%,26.9%,and 18.4%,respectively.A total of 54 samples were collected and 8 haplotypes were obtained.The genetic distance between haplotypes ranged from 0.2%to 0.6%.Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the two populations ranged from 0.56±0.06(Liaodong Bay)to 0.70±0.05(north of the Yellow Sea),and from 0.001 0±0.000 9(Liaodong Bay)to 0.001 7±0.001 3(north of the Yellow Sea),respectively.AMOVA revealed little genetic structure between the Liaodong Bay and north of the Yellow Sea inL.tanakae.Mismatch distribution revealed thatL.tanakaein the Liaoning coast has undergone population expansion,possibly before the last 50 000-116 000 years.

Liparis tanakae;mtDNACOⅠgene;genetic diversity;population genetic structure

Q 244

A

1004-2490(2016)02-0120-10

2015-12-01

海洋公益性行業科研專項黃渤海重要經濟生物產卵場修復與重建技術集成與示范(201405010);遼寧省海洋與漁業科研項目(201401)

李玉龍(1981-),山東臨沂人,助理研究員,主要從事漁業資源增殖放流及海洋生物分子生物學研究。E-mail:liyudragon@126.com

董 婧,研究員。E-mail:1024470248@qq.com

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