巧用技巧識(shí)別主題
——主旨大意題的解題技巧

文/周慧婭

巧用技巧識(shí)別主題
——主旨大意題的解題技巧

文/周慧婭

主旨大意題主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度，以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。題型一般包括文章標(biāo)題類(lèi)、文章主旨類(lèi)和段落主旨類(lèi)。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。

一、題型分類(lèi)與命題方式

1.文章標(biāo)題類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的題干形式有:

1）The best title of/for this passage may/might/can be.

2）What is the best title for the passage/text？

3）Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？

4）Which would be the best title for the passage？

2.主旨大意類(lèi)可以分為文章主旨和段落主旨兩種，常見(jiàn)的題干形式有:

1）W hat does the passage/text/Paragraph 4 mainly talk about？

2）What's the passage mainly about？

3）What's the main idea of the passage？

4）The passage is mainly about.

3.目的主旨大意類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的題干形式有:

1）What is the purpose of the passage？

2）The purpose of the passage is mainly to.

3）This article seems to tell us that.

4）The purpose of writing th is article is to.

二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧

因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)思維以直線型為主，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)常開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，所以主題句通常在文首、文末或在首尾呼應(yīng)中呈現(xiàn)，但有時(shí)文中也可能沒(méi)有完整的主題句，需要我們根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。總體來(lái)說(shuō)，議論文和說(shuō)明文中一般有主題句，但記敘文的主題句通常需要?dú)w納。那么，如何在文章中尋找主題句呢？

1.識(shí)別文體，確定主題

不同的文體有不同的寫(xiě)作方法，如新聞報(bào)道常用導(dǎo)語(yǔ)提攜全文，所以導(dǎo)語(yǔ)常為新聞報(bào)道的主題句；議論文總、分、總的結(jié)構(gòu)能讓我們?cè)谑锥位蚰┒魏芸煺业街黝}句；調(diào)查報(bào)告常在首段交代全文主題，接下來(lái)再詳細(xì)敘述調(diào)查結(jié)果；說(shuō)明文的主題句也常在首段，而記敘文需要把握其六要素，通過(guò)理解全文大意進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)，記敘文的標(biāo)題則常為主旨大意句或主題升華句的內(nèi)容。

【中考真題1】（2015年臨沂卷B篇，保留原題號(hào)）（首段）American country music is also known as（被視為）country western music.It has a very long history.It comes from the folk songs of immigrants from Britain.（第二段）Country music uses simple music and words to express everyday fee lings such as loneliness，love，and sadness...（第三段）Country western music became popular first among cow boys in the American west countryside...（第四段）In recent years，many musicians have made country western music a little different from the one in the past...

40.The best title（標(biāo)題）for the passage is.

A.Americans Love American Country Music.

B.The History of American Country Music.

C.Singers and Fans of American Country Music.

D.A ll Kinds of American Music，Yesterday and Today.

解析：這是一篇介紹美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)的說(shuō)明文，文章首段就對(duì)全文進(jìn)行了主旨大意的交代，再通過(guò)掃讀文章各個(gè)段落的第一句話(huà)，我們不難判斷首段中It has a very long history.即為文章的主題句，所以答案為B。

2.巧用技巧，識(shí)別主題句

1）首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。

【中考真題2】（2015年北京卷，保留原題號(hào)）（首段）Do you enjoy visiting a museum？Did you ever make a plan before a visit？Every museum must have something that attracts you.And the re are m any possible ways to enjoy yourself in a museum.

If you follow these steps be low，you'll know what is worth seeing and doing，so that you can make the most of your time at the museum.

52.What does the passage mainly talk about？

A.What to do in a museum.B.When to visit a museum.

C.Where to find a museum.D.How to en joy a museum.

解析：文章以疑問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭，接下來(lái)回答there are many possible ways to enjoy yourself in a museum，緊接著在后面的自然段羅列了enjoy a museum的各種方法。所以此文的主題句為there are many possible ways to enjoy yourself in a museum，答案為D。

2）注意文章中的關(guān)鍵詞，如表示并列關(guān)系的and，another，one more等，表因果關(guān)系的so，because等，表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的how ever，but等。

【中考真題3】（2015年哈爾濱卷D篇，保留原題號(hào)）Last year，a special kind o f glove cam e out.It was invented to help blind people to learn Braille，which is a specialsystem for the blind to read by touching.Shaking motors（震動(dòng)馬達(dá)）are put on each finger o f the g love.They can make different sounds to tell a user which letter he is touching.Recently，two British college students have invented another special glove for the blind.It can make the user feel small and quick movements...

50.What is the best title for this passage？

A.The Way to Make Gloves B.Two Kinds of Special Gloves

C.An Ultrasonic Sensor and Shaking Motors

解析：這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章第一句指出“一種特別的手套面世了”，但在其后又提到了another special glove for the blind。此處，another為重點(diǎn)的提示詞，暗示讀者“除了前面提到的那種手套外，還有另一種手套”，即兩種特別的手套。注意到這兩個(gè)地方，文章標(biāo)題Two Kinds of Special Gloves就不難找出了。

3）文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)或作者反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，一般為提示文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。

【中考真題4】（2015年杭州卷C篇，有刪節(jié)，保留原題號(hào)）Are you shy？If you are，you are no t alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，shyness is becoming mo re and mo re common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.

Is it possible to be born shy？Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result，scientists think that some shyness is genetic.

Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.A t the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.

You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries，they found surprising differences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.

For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in c lass，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And don't forget—if you are shy，you are no t the only one.

50.What is the passage mainly about？

A.Happiness.B.Shyness.C.Kindness.D.Loneliness.

解析：掃讀全文，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文中shy及其相關(guān)詞shyness出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)有20余次，所以文章主要談?wù)摰氖莝hyness，答案為B。

4）當(dāng)文章首句和尾句互為同義句時(shí)，主題內(nèi)容基本就在這個(gè)句子里。

【中考真題5】（2015年河北卷，保留原題號(hào)）（首段）Making a good job choice is almostas good as choosing a good life.So，choosing a job is one of the most important decisions to make in life.（尾段）I accept the idea that no one should make a choice of a job suddenly or quickly.He should decide what he wants to be in the long run.Then，he should decide how he works towards it.He should study the proper courses，read the books and speak to knowledgeable persons in that field before making a job choice.A good choice will most probably lead to a better life.

65.What is the best title for the passage？

A.My Job Choice B.My Favorite Job

C.My Comfortable Life D.My Sense of Satisfaction

解析：文中首句句意為：“做好職業(yè)選擇與選擇一種好的生活幾乎一樣重要。”尾句語(yǔ)意則為首句的同義句：“一個(gè)好的選擇最有可能通往更好的生活。”由此可見(jiàn)，job choice為主題內(nèi)容，所以答案為A。

5）記敘文的文尾常常是主旨大意升華的位置，也是主題句出現(xiàn)的地方。

【中考真題6】（2015年合肥卷，保留原題號(hào)）Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between my parents.Every day they are very busy trying to make money for my schooling.

One day，my mother was sewing a quilt（縫被子）.I silently sat beside her.“Mum，is there love between you and Dad？”I asked in a very low voice.With surprise in he r eyes，she stopped her work for a while.Then she said，“Susan，look at this th read（線）.It can hardly be seen，but it's really there.It makes the quilt strong.If life is a quilt，love should be a thread.Love is inside.”

I couldn't understand her until the next spring.At that time，my father suddenly got sick seriously.My mother had to stay with him in the hospital for a month.

After they were back，my mother helped my father walk slowly on the country road every day.They were so kind to each other and it seem ed they were the happiest couple.

After two months my father still couldn't walk by himself.

“Dad，how are you feeling now？”I asked him one day.

“Susan，don't worry about me，”he said.“I just like walking with your Mum.I like this kind of life.”Reading his eyes，I knew he loves m y mother deeply.

Now I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our life.Love is inside，making life strong and warm.

75.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？

A.How to Make a Quilt Strong B.Love is Just a Thread

C.Walking on the County Road D.A Seriously Sick Father

解析：文章記敘了自己由懷疑父母之間是否有愛(ài)到最終理解到“愛(ài)就像我們生活這床被子里的一根線，愛(ài)的存在讓我們?cè)谏钪懈鼒?jiān)強(qiáng)，也感覺(jué)更溫暖”。末段即為這篇記敘文的主旨升華段，所以句中l(wèi)ove is just a thread即為文章的標(biāo)題，所以答案選B。