魯植雄,龔佳慧,魯 楊,刁秀永,程 準,姜春霞,周 晶
(南京農業大學工學院,南京 210031)
拖拉機線控液壓轉向系統的雙通道PID控制仿真與試驗
魯植雄,龔佳慧,魯 楊,刁秀永,程 準,姜春霞,周 晶
(南京農業大學工學院,南京 210031)
拖拉機線控液壓轉向系統采用的單桿液壓缸具有非對稱性,為了提高轉向系統的控制精度,提出了雙通道PID(proportional integral derivative)控制方法,對液壓缸活塞桿伸出和縮回的運動進行分通道控制。基于SimHydraulics模塊建立線控液壓轉向系統的物理模型,對轉向輪的跟隨響應、階躍響應進行仿真試驗;同時搭建了線控液壓轉向系統試驗臺,進行臺架試驗,從而分析雙通道PID控制對轉向系統的影響。仿真試驗得出雙通道PID控制的跟隨誤差為0.473°、響應時間為0.273 s,且左、右轉向跟隨誤差基本一致,均優于單通道PID控制,臺架試驗結果與仿真試驗的效果一致。結果表明,線控液壓轉向系統在雙通道PID控制下響應快,跟隨誤差更小,具有良好的跟隨性和較高的控制精度。
農業機械;拖拉機;線控液壓轉向;PID控制;雙通道;SimHydraulics
魯植雄,龔佳慧,魯 楊,刁秀永,程 準,姜春霞,周 晶.拖拉機線控液壓轉向系統的雙通道PID控制仿真與試驗[J].農業工程學報,2016,32(6):101-106.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.014 http://www.tcsae.org
Lu Zhixiong,Gong Jiahui,Lu Yang,Diao Xiuyong,Cheng Zhun,Jiang Chunxia,Zhou Jing.Simulation and experiment of dual channel PID control for hydraulic steer-by-wire system of tractor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(6):101-106.(in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.014 http://www.tcsae.org
目前大多數拖拉機的轉向系統采用液壓助力轉向系統,其具有轉向靈活輕便、性能穩定、布置方便等優點。但其轉向靈敏度基本不可調節,且不能將行駛的路感狀態傳遞給駕駛員[1-2]。隨著線控轉向技術的發展,有學者結合全液壓轉向和線控轉向,設計出線控液壓轉向系統(hydraulic steer-by-wire,HSBW)[3-5]。此系統將方向盤和轉向輪間的機械機構取消,代之以信號傳遞駕駛員意圖,ECU(electronic control unit)接收到轉向信號后,產生相應大小的電流來控制電液比例伺服閥的開度,從而使轉向油缸活塞桿產生位移,位移的方向決定了轉向方向,位移的大小決定了轉向角度。HSBW系統最大的優點是可以自由地設計轉向系統的角傳動比和力傳動比,變角傳動比的實現可以在保證操縱穩定性的前提下使駕駛員在多種工況下都能輕松轉向,減輕了駕駛員的負擔;而變力傳動比的實現可以讓駕駛員獲得最貼近真實路感的力感[6-9]。
目前液壓缸較多采用非對稱缸,然而,非對稱液壓缸正反向運動特性不同[10-12],這就導致系統對不同方向的誤差調節的效果不同。國內外學者對非對稱缸的控制問題都有所研究,大體分為兩類:一是控制器的設計,方一鳴等針對其非線性模型設計了控制器[9],使系統具有更強的魯棒性;二是采用智能控制方法對非對稱液壓缸進行補償,實現非對稱液壓缸的對稱性控制,包括模糊控制、自適應控制、神經元控制以及綜合運用,起雪梅、殷小平等研究了模糊自適應的方法對非對稱液壓缸進行控制[13-15]。
傳統的PID(proportional integral derivative)控制對非對稱液壓缸控制時無法彌補其非對稱性。為了讓轉向系統控制精度提高,本文從問題的本質出發,提出了雙通道PID控制的方法,通過對誤差正負性的判斷確定液壓缸活塞桿運動方向,從而采用不同的PID參數控制,并通過仿真和臺架試驗,驗證了雙通道控制系統的精度和可靠度。1 控制算法
1.1 PID控制算法
PID控制算法具有魯棒性強、可靠性高、結構簡單且在實際工程中容易實現等優點,從而被廣泛運用于控制領域。本文研究的控制是對線控液壓轉向系統前輪轉角這一單一目標進行控制,綜合考慮此特點及PID控制算法的優點,選擇PID作為前輪轉角的控制算法。
PID控制實質是對目標值和實際值的偏差信號進行比例、積分、微分運算,運算結果的加權和形成系統的控制信號,從而對被控對象進行控制,這就形成PID控制的一般規律[16-17]:

式中e(t)為偏差;kp為比例系數;Ti為積分時間常數;Td為微分時間常數。
1.2 雙通道PID控制
結合線控液壓轉向系統和非對稱液壓缸分析可知,前輪轉角的實際值與理想值偏差的正負性決定了液壓缸活塞桿的運動方向。若采用同一組PID對誤差進行調節,大小相同正負性不同的誤差作為輸入信號,PID控制器產生的對伺服閥開度的控制電流是一樣的,及流量一樣,但是由于活塞桿在兩個運動方向上工作腔分別為有桿腔和無桿腔,很明顯無桿腔的工作面積大于有桿腔,這就導致液壓缸活塞桿往不同的方向運動時,位移卻不同,即誤差調節在活塞桿不同的運動方向的效果是不同的。轉向精度的調節本質上是對液壓缸活塞桿的左右運動位移進行調節,考慮到誤差非正即負,可將液壓缸視為2個工作面積不一樣的液壓缸交替工作。因此最簡單直接的解決方法就是對2個液壓缸(正負誤差)采用不同的PID值分通道調節,特點是對正負性不同、大小相同的誤差進行調節時,PID值不同,電液比例伺服閥的控制電流不同,但由于工作腔工作面積的差異,最后可以保證液壓缸活塞桿的位移是一樣的,即保證調節精度。
線控轉向系統前輪轉角的控制原理框圖如圖1所示。

圖1 線控液壓轉向系統PID控制原理框圖Fig.1 Principle block diagram of PID(proportional integral derivative)control of hydraulic steer-by-wire system
方向盤轉角和前輪轉角分別為輸入和輸出信號,前輪轉角與角傳動比的乘積為反饋信號。接收到反饋信號后對預期的轉向盤轉角與反饋信號的差值做正負性判斷,根據正負性選擇相應的PID組,進行PID控制,如此反復,使前輪轉角達到預期的角度。
2.1 SimHydraulics仿真模型
Matlab中專門針對液壓傳動和控制系統的建模和仿真工具SimHydraulics,它用相應的模塊代替真實的液壓元件,建模過程其實是一個真實的物理系統的搭建,利用它進行仿真的好處是省去了繁瑣的數學模型的推導過程,避免了建立數學模型時忽略的一些影響因素,以及做出很多的假設和簡化,使得到的數學模型精度不高的缺陷。同時模型思路更加直觀,過程也變得更加簡單[18-20]。本文利用SimHydraulics工具箱,根據線控液壓轉向系統的液壓圖建立雙通道PID控制系統模型。如圖2所示。模型中重要元器件的選型與參數設置均以試驗臺架為參考,具體如表1所示。
系統仿真原理圖的構成:
1)油源模型:在不影響系統性能的前提下,省去濾油器等次要元件,只調用液壓油箱、液壓介質、定量泵、蓄能器和溢流閥構成油源,按照圖2所示結構連接,根據實際設置參數。
2)線控液壓系統元件模型:調用三位四通換向閥、比例伺服閥驅動模塊、仿真信號到物理信號的轉換模塊、PID控制器、管道、雙向作用液壓缸、解法器,按照圖2所示結構連接,并根據實際設置參數。
3)輪胎負載模型:調用理想位移傳感器、平移阻尼器、彈簧元件、機械移動參考、物理信號到仿真信號轉換模塊,按照圖2所示結構連接,根據實際設置參數。
4)其他輔助模型:調用示波器、減法器、乘法器、信號發生器和函數等模塊構建模型。

圖2 線控液壓轉向系統雙通道PID控制系統原理圖Fig.2 Principle diagram of dual channel PID control of hydraulic steer-by-wire system

表1 重要元器件的參數與選型Table 1 Parameters and selection of important components
圖中信號模塊給定轉向盤轉角,通過一系列運算模塊計算得到前輪的轉動方向和轉動角度,控制電磁比例伺服閥的開度,從而控制液壓油缸活塞桿移動相應的位移,轉向輪轉一定的角度。并通過示波器輸出液壓油缸的位移。
將液壓油缸活塞桿的位移通過函數換算成轉向輪的角度后,反饋到信號的輸入端,形成閉環控制系統。再與初始的輸入信號比較得到誤差信號并根據誤差選擇相應的PID通道,PID控制器的輸出信號控制比例伺服閥,如此反復,使得轉向輪轉角更接近理想的角度。
2.2 仿真結果與分析
如果忽略轉向系統中硬件性能的影響,轉向輪的響應能力就只取決于軟件的控制部分[21-22]。本文選擇轉向輪轉角控制效果來評價雙通道和單通道PID控制的優劣。而轉向輪轉角控制效果通過轉向輪的響應精度和響應速度來判斷[23-26]。
PID的參數整定方法有很多種,本文結合仿真與試驗對PID參數進行了整定,先整定單通道控制時的參數,得到的PID值同時作為雙通道控制的其中一個通道的值,再根據判斷標準整定出雙通道的兩組PID值。PID值的具體設計見表2。

表2 PID參數值的設計Table 2 Design of PID parameter
利用已經搭建的SimHydraulics模型,得到轉向輪的跟隨響應、階躍響應和跟隨誤差變化的仿真結果。
1)跟隨響應
以幅值20、周期2πs的正弦信號作為輸入信號,跟隨響應仿真結果如圖3a所示。雙通道和單通道PID控制的跟隨效果相差較小,但通過局部放大圖可以明顯看出,雙通道PID控制的跟隨曲線與原始轉角輸入信號貼合最緊密,即雙通道控制的效果明顯好于單通道PID控制。進一步分析可知,雙通道PID控制的最大跟隨誤差為0.525°,小于單通道PID控制的1.315°。結合誤差變化的仿真結果,如圖3b所示,分析可得,雙通道PID控制的整體誤差較小,且誤差大小在不同的方向基本一致。由此可見,雙通道PID控制的系統更好,更穩定。

圖3 單通道和雙通道PID控制仿真曲線圖Fig.3 Simulate measuring curves of single channel and dual channel PID control
2)階躍響應
階躍響應的仿真結果如圖3c所示,雖然兩者的穩定時間都很短,誤差很小,由局部放大圖然可看出雙通道PID控制具有更快的響應速度,穩定時間較短。單通道PID控制和雙通道PID控制的穩定時間為分別為0.273 s和0.334 s。
為了驗證線控液壓轉向系統雙通道PID控制的物理模型以及其優越性,基于STC的IPA15F2K61S2芯片對線控液壓轉向系統臺架進行控制,忽略路面的影響,分別完成了跟隨試驗和階躍響應試驗。
1)跟隨響應
跟隨性試驗主要是測試拖拉機臺架在當前控制器下的響應精度,以幅值40、周期6 s的正弦信號作為輸入信號,拖拉機臺架跟隨試驗的響應曲線如圖4a所示。

圖4 單通道和雙通道PID控制臺架試驗曲線圖Fig.4 Experimental measuring curves of single channel and dual channel PID control
由響應曲線可見,在連續轉向過程中,雙通道PID控制下的前輪轉角的響應幾乎與輸入信號一致,具有較好的跟隨效果,明顯優于單通道PID。分析數據可知,雙通道PID控制的最大跟隨誤差是6.72°,小于單通道PID控制的最大跟隨誤差10.08°。結合拖拉機臺架試驗的跟隨誤差變化曲線,如圖4b所示,顯然,在雙通道PID控制下,前輪轉角誤差在不同方向數值基本相同,且整體誤差較小。而單通道PID控制下的誤差在不同方向差距較大,這也與仿真試驗的結果一致。因此,臺架試驗進一步說明了雙通道控制的系統控制精度高,且更穩定、可靠。
2)階躍響應
拖拉機臺架試驗的階躍響應曲線如圖4(c)所示。分析可知,雙通道和單通道PID控制系統穩定性都很好且穩態誤差也小,前者幾乎為零,后者在1.2%左右。此外,雙通道PID控制的響應時間為0.95 s,較單通道的1.35 s速度有所提高。
1)針對線控液壓轉向系統提出了一種雙通道PID控制方法,彌補了單桿液壓缸的缺陷,提高了轉向控制精度。
2)基于SimHydraulics建立了線控液壓轉向系統物理模型并進行仿真試驗。雙通道PID控制的最大跟隨誤差為0.525°,響應時間為0.273 s,與單通道PID控制相比,雙通道PID最大控制誤差降低60%,響應速度提高了18%。
3)搭建了線控液壓轉向系統試驗臺,進行了雙通道PID控制轉向的臺架試驗,臺架試驗結果與仿真的效果一致,控制精度和響應速度均優于單通道PID控制。
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Simulation and experiment of dual channel PID control for hydraulic steerby-wire system of tractor
Lu Zhixiong,Gong Jiahui,Lu Yang,Diao Xiuyong,Cheng Zhun,Jiang Chunxia,Zhou Jing
(College of Engineering,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210031,China)
The hydraulic steering-by-wire system abandons the mechanical connection between hand-wheel and front steering wheels,and thus the driver′s intent is delivered via electrical signal.The actuator of hydraulic steering-by-wire system is the hydraulic cylinder.ECU (electronic control unit)generates the corresponding electric current to control the opening of electro-hydraulic proportional servo valve after receiving the steering signal,which correspondingly leads to the displacement of steering hydraulic cylinder.The displacement direction determines the steering direction and the magnitude determines the steering angle.At present,asymmetric hydraulic cylinders are mostly adopted.However,due to the piston areas are varied as the piston rod moves in different directions,even if the opening of electro-hydraulic proportional servo valve and the pressure are fixed,the displacements of the piston rod vary under stretch and retracting condition.Combining hydraulic steering-by-wire system with asymmetric hydraulic cylinder,we know that accuracy adjustment of steering is essentially the adjustment of the hydraulic cylinder piston rod′s displacement on the left or right side.Therefore,the traditional PID(proportional integral derivative)control of hydraulic steering-by-wire system is not efficient for precise control of steering angle.Considering the error is either positive or negative in steering angel,to improve control accuracy,the hydraulic cylinder can be regarded as different hydraulic cylinders with different piston areas working alternately.This paper presented the idea of dual-channel PID control,in which way the 2 hydraulic cylinders (positive or negative error)used different channels with different PID parameter values.The characteristic of dual-channel control was that when the errors,whose magnitudes were same and positivity and negativity were different,were adjusted with different PID values,the control current of electro-hydraulic proportional servo valves was not same.However,the difference of cavity work area finally guaranteed the same displacement of hydraulic cylinder piston rod,namely the accuracy of adjustment.In addition,in order to avoid the low accuracy of a simplified mathematical model as well as the time-consuming defect of other software,we used SimHydraulics to build the physical model of hydraulic steering-by-wire system conforming to the real platform,whose preferences consulted the reality;the simulation of following response and steering angle pulse test of the steering wheel was completed,the test rig of hydraulic steering-by-wire system was set up, and then IPA15F2K61S2 chip of STC was chosen,which was written to the dual-channel control program to be a controller of the hydraulic steering-by-wire system platform.The steering wheel angle was the input signal of controller,and the product of the actual angle and the steering ratio was a feedback signal.The output signal of the controller was the current controlling the electromagnetic proportional servo valve.The experiments of the steering wheel were completed under the control of single channel and dual channels on platform;and the effect of dual-channel PID control on the system was analyzed by combining simulation and experiment results.Under the dual-channel PID control,the simulation results showed that,the following error was 0.473°and the step response time was 0.273 s,the errors in different directions were almost the same,and they were both superior to the performance of the traditional PID control,for which the following error was 1.315°and the step response time was 0.334 s.Moreover,compared with single channel PID control,the error of dualchannel PID control decreased by 64%,and the response speed increased by 18%.The results of experiments on platform were consistent with the simulation,which indicated that under the control of dual-channel PID,the response of hydraulic steering-by-wire system was faster,the following error was smaller,and the errors in positive and negative direction were almost the same.Thus,it is concluded that the system under the control of dual-channel PID has superior following performance and control precision as well as more desirable stability and reliability.
agriculture machinery;tractors;hydraulic steering-by-wire;PID control;dual channel;SimHydraulics
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.014
TP23;S24
A
1002-6819(2016)-06-0101-06
2015-09-23
2016-01-26
江蘇省科技支撐計劃資金項目(BE2012384)
魯植雄,男,湖北武穴人,教授,博士生導師,主要從事車輛電子控制技術、車輛-地面系統力學研究。南京 南京農業大學工學院,210031。Email:luzx@njau.edu.cn
中國農業工程學會會員:魯植雄(E041200163S)