王國強,孫煥明,彭婧,薛書浩
(西藏職業技術學院農業科學技術學院,西藏拉薩 850030)
生物硝化抑制劑應用研究進展
王國強,孫煥明,彭婧,薛書浩
(西藏職業技術學院農業科學技術學院,西藏拉薩 850030)
摘要在現有相關研究的基礎上,結合國內外研究進展,綜述了國內外生物硝化抑制劑的特性及作用機理,總結了生物硝化抑制劑在農業生產中的應用效果,歸納了國內外當前生物硝化抑制劑的研究熱點及取得的研究成果,并展望了今后的研究方向。
關鍵詞硝化作用;生物硝化抑制劑;溫室效應;氮素利用率;作物產量
從1978年到2008年,我國氮肥(氮肥用量均以純氮計)施用量增加了3.58倍,平均每年增加約7.8×105t[1]。氮肥施用量在逐年增加,在提高作物產量和經濟效益的同時,通過揮發、徑流、淋溶以及硝化反硝化等途徑對生態系統的健康和功能產生負面影響[2]。銨態氮肥和硝態氮肥是最常用的氮肥。銨態氮帶正電荷,易被一般情況下帶負電荷的土壤膠體吸附而不易流失,而硝態氮帶負電荷,不易被壤膠體吸附,易在土壤中遷移和淋溶,是導致我國農業氮肥利用率低下以及地表水和地下水污染的主要原因[3]。并且通過施肥直接或間接從農田釋放出來的N2O排放量占農業源N2O排放量的80%[4-5]。N2O濃度的增加不僅加劇了全球氣候變暖,而且極有可能成為21世紀最主要的臭氧層破壞物質[6]。

1生物硝化抑制劑的來源及特性

Subbara 等[18]發現某些植物通過根系釋放硝化抑制劑具有抑制土壤硝化作用的能力,被稱為生物硝化抑制作用;分泌的能夠抑制硝化作用并顯著提高土壤氮素利用率的物質,被稱為生物硝化抑制劑(BNIs)[19]。在熱帶草原中,非洲濕生臂形草(Brachiariahumidicola)和筋骨草(B.decumbens)對南美熱帶稀樹草原的低氮環境有高度的適應能力,顯示出很強的生物硝化抑制作用能力[20-22]。在谷類作物中,高粱(Sorghumbicolor)表現出顯著的植物硝化抑制作用的能力[23]。此外,卡蘭賈樹(PongamiaglabraVent)、印度苦楝樹(Azadiractaindica)、洋楊梅(Arbutusunedo)、茶樹(Camelliasinesis)、水稻、野生型小麥、十字花科植物組織也具有生物硝化抑制作用能力[24-30]。通過生物活性導向分離純化的方法,幾個屬于不同化學基團的生物硝化抑制劑已成功地從不同植物組織或根系分泌物中分離和鑒定出來[31-32](表1)。

表1 植物分離和鑒定出的生物硝化抑制劑及其效果
與目前市場上普遍應用的人工合成硝化抑制劑相比,生物硝化抑制劑有許多優點,如對農作物無毒害,易在土壤中分解,對土壤不產生污染,有環保、除草、殺蟲、改良土壤等作用,但其最大的優點是易從自然界中獲得,價格低廉,硝化抑制作用時間長,用量少,硝化抑制效率高,成本效益高。生物硝化抑制劑抑制土壤硝化作用,提高作物對土壤的氮素利用率。因此,對生物硝化抑制劑的開發和應用是一種轉向低硝化農業生產的系統模式,是促進農業系統發展的強大戰略[9]。對于根系釋放生物硝化抑制劑的植物來說,利用農牧結合的方式來發展農業和畜牧業生產,即利用根系分泌的生物硝化抑制劑來抑制土壤硝化活性和硝化潛勢,提高下一階段1年生作物氮素利用率和經濟效益。如臂形草生長3、4個月后生物量可作為覆蓋層,接著在覆蓋層上直接播種玉米或大豆。對于植物組織產生但不從根系釋放生物硝化抑制劑的植物(如十字花科)來說,在土壤中加入植物殘體是控制土壤硝化作用、提高氮素利用率的一種方式[30]。
2生物硝化抑制劑的作用機理


圖1 生物硝化抑制劑的作用機理示意Fig.1 Schematic diagram of inhibitory mechanisms of nitrification inhibitors
生物硝化抑制劑通過抑制氨單加氧酶和羥胺氧化還原酶來抑制硝化作用。非洲濕生臂形草地上部分含有BNI活性的化合物為不飽和游離脂肪酸、亞油酸(LA)和α-亞麻酸(LN),是相對較弱的硝化抑制劑。亞油酸和α-亞麻酸通過抑制氨單加氧酶和羥胺氧化還原酶來抑制亞硝化單胞菌,該反應是催化氨氧化過程中的基本反應(圖1)[22]。苯丙素對香豆酸甲酯和阿魏酸甲酯是非洲濕生臂形草根組織中起生物硝化抑制作用的物質,非洲濕生臂形草分解或轉化來自根系組織的硝化抑制劑對改變土壤硝化勢可能起主要作用[38]。非洲濕生臂形草根系分泌的硝化抑制劑有近60%~90%均是來自臂形草內酯,是非洲濕生臂形草根系釋放的主要硝化抑制劑。臂形草內酯通過抑制氨單加氧酶和羥胺還原酶的功能來抑制亞硝化單胞菌,但它似乎對氨單加氧酶的抑制作用比羥胺還原酶強[39]。高粱的根系分泌物高粱醌可同時抑制氨氧化和羥氨氧化過程,而另一種高粱根系分泌物對羥基苯丙酸甲酯僅能抑制氨單加氧酶催化氧化過程,而對羥胺氧化還原酶過程無抑制作用(圖1)[39]。從印度卡蘭賈樹種子和苦楝樹分離出來的水黃皮素(Karanjin)和Nimin對土壤硝化細菌活性有明顯抑制作用,能有效抑制土壤硝化作用、提高土壤氮素利用率并減少N2O的排放[40-41]。洋楊梅在葉凋落物分解過程中釋放兒茶素和兒茶酚抑制土壤硝化作用和N2O排放[29]。十字花科植物組織在降解過程中形成一些異硫氰酸鹽(2-propenyl-glucosinolate,methyl-isothiocyanate,2-propenylisothiocyanate,butyl-isothiocyanate,phenyl-isothiocyanate,benzylisothiocyanate,phenethyl-isothiocyanate)對土壤硝化反應產生抑制作用[42]。此外,有些生物硝化抑制劑還可能擾亂硝化微生物中HAO與輔酶Q和細胞色素之間的電子傳遞(需要維護生成還原能力,例如NADPH)[14](圖1)。
3生物硝化抑制劑的使用效果


3.3生物硝化抑制劑對全球增溫潛勢和溫室氣體強度的影響全球增溫潛勢(GWP)作為一種相對指標,用于定量衡量不同溫室氣體對全球變暖的相對影響。在評價農田生態系統全球增溫潛勢的同時,綜合考慮作物生產效益對溫室氣體效應的影響是十分必要的。Van Groenigen 等[51]研究認為,產量尺度下的全球增溫潛勢即溫室氣體強度(GHGI)能夠更加全面科學地評估農業生產對農田溫室氣體排放和作物產量的雙重影響。生物硝化抑制劑能明顯降低全球變暖潛勢和溫室氣體強度。Zhang等[10]發現生物硝化抑制劑能明顯降低全球變暖潛勢和溫室氣體強度,與尿素處理相比,應用生物硝化抑制劑使全球變暖潛勢和溫室氣體強度分別下降了10.1%和17.6%。Datta 等[45]通過熱帶稻田試驗比較人工合成硝化抑制劑DCD、生物硝化抑制劑Nimin和水黃皮素對全球增溫潛勢的影響,與施用尿素相比,DCD能顯著提高全球變暖潛勢,而生物硝化抑制劑Nimin能降低全球變暖潛勢;同時施用生物硝化抑制劑Nimin和水黃皮素生產單位重量水稻CH4和N2O排放量最低。
3.4生物硝化抑制劑對作物產量的影響生物硝化抑制劑施入土壤能降低土壤硝化細菌的活性和增加土壤氮吸存量,明顯提高植物對氮素的吸收和利用,從而提高了農作物的產量[52-53]。印度通過長期和大量的試驗發現施用印度苦楝餅和卡蘭賈餅能顯著提高水稻和小麥的產量[54-55]。Zhang等[10]發現施用生物硝化抑制劑處理的蔬菜總產量為(163.2±9.8)t/(hm2·a),比對照(施用尿素)增加了10.3 t/(hm2·a),施用生物硝化抑制劑的蔬菜產量最高。Datta 等[45]發現施用生物硝化抑制劑Nimin和水黃皮素能顯著提高水稻產量,同時降低單位重量水稻CH4和N2O排放量,表明施用生物硝化抑制劑不僅降低了土壤CH4和N2O排放而且也增加了水稻產量。Roy 等[56]研究也發現,與對照相比施用Nimin水稻產量增加了5%~10%。
4展望
氮肥的投入是增加作物產量、提高經濟效益的重要手段,然而氮肥過量施用產生湖泊水體富營養化、地下水污染,N2O甚至CH4排放量增加,導致全球溫室效應日益嚴重。對生物硝化抑制劑的開發和應用是一種轉向低硝化農業生產的系統模式,是促進農業系統發展的強大戰略。農田生態系統中應用生物硝化抑制劑,可抑制土壤硝化作用,提高氮素的利用率和作物產量,降低N2O和CH4排放并降低全球增溫潛勢和溫室氣體強度。通過現代遺傳學與分子生物學培育和改良具有生物硝化抑制作用的植物,開發出硝化抑制活性更高的生物硝化抑制劑,發揮生物硝化抑制劑最優的抑制效果是今后研究的一個重要方向。生物硝化抑制劑在印度和南美熱帶稀樹草原的應用和研究較多,而我國應用和研究生物硝化抑制才剛剛起步,因此,在我國農田生態系統加強生物硝化抑制劑對氮素流失、溫室氣體排放效應、作用機理研究以及生物硝化抑制劑的開發、應用和推廣顯得尤為重要。另外,很多生物硝化抑制劑對土壤微生物以及一些酶類的影響效果還不夠明確,尤其是生物硝化抑制劑抑制N2O等溫室氣體排放的微生物等深層機理以及生物硝化抑制劑的長期效應鮮見報道,也是今后研究的一個熱點。
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Research Progress of the Application of Biological Nitrification Inhibitors
WANG Guo-qiang, SUN Huan-ming, PENG Jing et al
(College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lhasa, Tibet 850030)
AbstractBased on the current research, the characteristics and action mechanism of biological nitrification inhibitors at home and abroad were reviewed by combining with the nearest research progress. Using effects of biological nitrification inhibitors on agricultural production were summarized. Research hotspot and achievements of biological nitrification inhibitors at home and abroad were summarized. The research direction in future was forecasted.
Key wordsNitrification; Biological nitrification inhibitors; Greenhouse effect; Nitrogen use efficiency; Crop yield
基金項目西藏自然科學基金項目(ZJ2014068);西藏職業技術學院校級重點課題(2012L07)。
作者簡介王國強(1979- ),男,河南南陽人,副教授,在讀博士,從事土壤生態與肥料研究。
收稿日期2016-03-22
中圖分類號S 143.1+6
文獻標識碼A
文章編號0517-6611(2016)11-066-04