林文芳
職高的學生基本上是普高篩選后剩下的或者是從社會中再回學校的,從學識水平尤其是英語水平來說優秀的極少,所以提高他們的英語閱讀能力相當困難但又不得不提高。本人就多年的對口升學教學經驗對這個問題作了些不成熟的探究,還望得到各位專家的指點。
一、選擇題型閱讀理解題
對口升學考試選擇題型閱讀理解題共三篇,主要考查學生綜合運用所學語言知識的能力,包括細節理解、推理判斷、詞語理解和歸納總結以及對材料的評估能力。
(1)細節理解題主要考查學生識別閱讀材料中的具體事實和細節的能力。它常常針對文章中的事實和細節進行提問。這類題目的答案一般都能在閱讀材料中找到相應的文字作為驗證,這些材料可能是一個詞或短語,也可能是一個句子或若干個句子。做這類題目時,應該使用尋讀法,即讀題,然后帶著問題閱讀短文,從大量的資料中迅速查找某一項具體事實或某一項特定信息。平時訓練時,要求學生將文章中談到的人物、事件、時間、地點、數字等地方做標記,這樣回答問題時就可以迅速查找到相關信息,從而達到做題既快速又準確的目標。
以2015年湖南對口招生A篇為例:
A Korean designer,Jeadeon Jeong,has invented a “cartrider”.This idea is to put a shopping cart and a bicycle together.That will add some fun to your weekly shopping!
63.The cartrider can make your shopping more .
A.difficult
B.boring
C.interesting
D.necessary
分析:本題考查細節理解。根據“That will add some fun to your weekly shopping!”這一句,四個選項中,interesting與fun意思相近,所以選C。
(2)推理判斷題主要考查學生透過文章的表面文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。這種問題不能從文章中直接找到答案,必須根據上下文及其相互之間的關系對文章表面文字信息進行挖掘加工,由表及里,由淺入深,從具體到抽象,從特殊到一般,才能做出準確判斷,從而找到答案。
以2013年湖南對口招生B篇為例:
Last Friday,Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball. The playground was wet. After some time his basketball and his hands got dirty. It was 9:45 and ran into the classroom. During the class,Mr.Black,the teacher, told Jamie to write some new words on the black board. Jamie stood in front of the blackboard and started to write. Mr. Black saw his right hand was dirty.
67. When did Jamie play basketball last Friday?
A. After the first class
B. After the third class
C. Between the first and second class.
D. Between the second and the third class
分析:根據文中第一句“Last Friday, Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball”可知,Jamie是在第二節課后,即第二節和第三節課之間去打籃球的。故選答案D。
(3)主旨大意題要求學生在掌握全文信息的基礎上,歸納出文章的主旨大意或中心思想,常針對主題、標題、目的擬題。做這類題目時,應該使用快讀法:先通讀全文,這樣可以使注意力集中于文章的整體思路及要點之間的聯系,并且要結合所學的語言知識、背景知識、生活常識等進行邏輯推理,從而對主題進行概括。要求學生做題時,特別要注意仔細閱讀文章的開頭段和結尾段。
以2012年湖南對口招生C篇為例:
Museums are one of the greatest resources of mankind. When one walks around most cities, small or large, one is sure to fine a museum. Early museums were churches. The artwork and paintings helped people to find a museum, the church and the people that attended it.
……
Since these early museums, many things have changed. Most museums are still places to show art and scientific discoveries, but there are many unusual ones that have been set up over the years. In the famous people Madam Tussards museum, there are wax figures of a variety of the history of sex on New York City. Museums have been around for centuries and without doubt they will be there for centuries to come.
75. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Early European explorers
B. A brief history of museum
C. The latest museum in the city
D. The best science museum in the West
分析:根據文中最后一段,可知答案為B。
二、判斷題型閱讀理解題
對口升學考試判斷題型閱讀理解題只有一篇,主要考查學生對文章的具體事實、信息的理解能力。訓練時,要求學生對似是而非的句子,一定要認真識別,只有完全符合文章意思的方可判定為正確。提醒學生那些意思基本符合卻仍有一點不符合文意的句子大多是陷阱,應該判定為錯誤。同時閱讀時不只看語言文字堆積成的語言表象材料,而應該讀懂語言背后的意思。
以2013年湖南對口招生題為例:
...Finally, the headmaster closed his book and walked towards the door.
“Thank heavens, he didnt find me under the sofa!”Thought Bob.
Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. “Would you turn off the light when you leave?” He said and left the study.
80. Mr. Mason didnt find Bob under the sofa.
分析:根據文中“Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. ‘Would you turn off the light when you leave?”就可以推斷出,Mr. Mason早就發現了Bob,所以該題答案為F。
三、簡答題型閱讀理解題
對口升學考試簡答題型閱讀理解題只有一篇。此題型主要考查學生在閱讀理解的基礎上用英語進行書面表達的能力。從近五年的考題中可以看出,細節理解題占80%,推理判斷題占15%,觀點態度題占5%。所以,細節理解題和推理判斷題仍然是這類題型的主要考查方式。
(1)細節理解題主要是以how,what,why提問的方式為主,比較容易從文中找到答案,關鍵是教會學生如何處理、轉換信息,從而歸納出問題的答案。
以2013年湖南對口招生題為例:
I started my school life at six. At first the school for me, a boy, meant play, play and more play instead of sitting in the classroom and learning something. However, I changed the way I used to behave at school with the help of my teachers. I tried my best to do well in my schoolwork and follow the school rules.
81. When did the writer start to go to school?
分析:根據文中“I started my school life at six”,可知答案是At six。
(2)訓練推理判斷題時,主要是要求學生根據文本字面的意思,通過語篇邏輯關系,研究細節暗示,推敲作者的態度,理解文章寓意后再根據問題回答。
以2011年湖南對口招生題為例:
AFRICAN SAFARI PARK
Drive your own car or take the special train. See lions, elephant, tigers without cages.
Open every day 9:00~16:00
Special tickets:$35 for 4 people
82. How much should you pay if eight of you go to the zoo?
分析:根據文中“Special tickets:$35 for 4 people”,可知答案是$70。
總之,面對英語基礎差、底子薄的職高生,教師應該吃透對口升學對學生閱讀理解能力考查的要求,對學生閱讀能力培訓有的放矢,才會較快提高學生的閱讀理解能力。閱讀是學習英語的一個主要途徑,對多數人來說,它本身也是一個目的。如果掌握了一定的閱讀解題方法,那么閱讀能力就會有顯著的提高。
(作者單位:武岡市職業中專學校)