荊瀛黎,劉小野,白帆,董浩,陳惠
褪黑素對(duì)脊髓損傷大鼠突觸可塑性的作用①
荊瀛黎1,2,3,4,劉小野5,白帆1,2,3,4,董浩1,2,3,4,陳惠1,2,3,4
目的探討褪黑素對(duì)脊髓損傷后突觸可塑性的影響。方法雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠54只分為假手術(shù)組(n=18)、對(duì)照組(n=18)和褪黑素組(n=18)。采用改良Allen法復(fù)制大鼠T10中度損傷模型(10 g×25 mm)。免疫熒光法檢測(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元數(shù)目,尼氏染色檢測(cè)神經(jīng)元中尼氏小體表達(dá);Western blotting檢測(cè)神經(jīng)纖維絲-200(NF-200)、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)、突觸素Ⅰ和神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43(GAP-43)的表達(dá)。結(jié)果術(shù)后7 d,與假手術(shù)組相比,對(duì)照組、褪黑素組運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元數(shù)、神經(jīng)元中尼氏小體、NF-200、BDNF、突觸素Ⅰ和GAP-43表達(dá)下降;與對(duì)照組相比,褪黑素組運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元數(shù)、神經(jīng)元中尼氏小體、NF-200、BDNF、突觸素Ⅰ和GAP-43的表達(dá)明顯增加(P<0.01)。結(jié)論褪黑素能夠修復(fù)損傷的突觸可塑性,可能是促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)的機(jī)制。
脊髓損傷;突觸可塑性;褪黑素;大鼠
[本文著錄格式]荊瀛黎,劉小野,白帆,等.褪黑素對(duì)脊髓損傷大鼠突觸可塑性的作用[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2016,22(7): 774-778.
CITED AS:Jing YL,Liu XY,Bai F,et al.Effects of melatonin on synaptic plasticity after spinal cord injury in rats[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2016,22(7):774-778.
突觸是神經(jīng)環(huán)路中相鄰神經(jīng)元之間進(jìn)行信息傳遞和加工的關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu);在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,整個(gè)神經(jīng)元表面積60%~80%被突觸所占據(jù)[1-2]。突觸可塑性是指突觸連接在形態(tài)和功能上的修飾,主要是指突觸在一定條件下調(diào)整功能、改變形態(tài)和增減數(shù)目的能力,包括突觸傳遞效能的變化和突觸結(jié)構(gòu)的改變[3-4]。目前對(duì)脊髓損傷的研究主要集中在損傷后脊髓神經(jīng)功能的修復(fù)和重建,其中對(duì)突觸可塑性的研究已成為神經(jīng)康復(fù)領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)。
褪黑素是由松果體分泌的一種分布廣泛的吲哚胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)化合物,具有強(qiáng)大的調(diào)節(jié)免疫內(nèi)分泌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗衰老等功能。褪黑素在腦損傷和脊髓損傷模型中有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[5-6]。本研究選擇與突觸可塑性密切相關(guān)的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),檢測(cè)褪黑素對(duì)神經(jīng)纖維絲-200(neurofilament-200,NF-200)、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factors,BDNF)、突觸素Ⅰ(synapsin I)、生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43 (growth-associated protein-43,GAP-43)等的影響,為臨床褪黑素治療脊髓損傷及其繼發(fā)性損傷提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1主要試劑
褪黑素(Melatonin):美國SIGMA公司,用1%乙醇配成10 mg/ml。兔單克隆NeuN抗體、兔多克隆NF-200抗體、兔多克隆突觸素Ⅰ抗體、兔多克隆GAP-43抗體:美國ABCAM公司。FITC-標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔抗體:美國INVITROGEN公司。HRP-標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔二抗:美國SANTACRUZ公司。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物和分組
SPF級(jí)健康雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠54只,體質(zhì)量(200±20)g,購自首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,許可證號(hào)SCXK(京)2012-0001。飼養(yǎng)于有空調(diào)的房間,人工控制光照12 h∶12 h光/暗周期,溫度(22±2)℃,相對(duì)濕度(55±10)%。食物和水自行攝取。分為假手術(shù)組、對(duì)照組和褪黑素組,每組18只。實(shí)驗(yàn)方案已獲得首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.3方法
1.3.1模型制備
采用改良Allen打擊裝置制作中度脊髓損傷模型。大鼠苯巴比妥鈉35 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,俯臥位固定在手術(shù)臺(tái)上,備皮,常規(guī)消毒,以T10為中心行后正中線縱行切口,顯露T9-11棘突及椎板,切除T10椎板。以脊髓后正中血管為中心,10 g打擊棒自25 mm高自由落下撞擊T10脊髓,并壓迫脊髓1 min。打擊后鼠尾出現(xiàn)無規(guī)則痙攣性擺動(dòng)、大鼠損傷平面以下完全癱瘓為成功標(biāo)志。術(shù)畢用青霉素鹽水沖洗傷口,逐層縫合組織。早晚各按壓排尿1次,直至恢復(fù)排尿反射。
假手術(shù)組只切除椎板,不打擊脊髓。
術(shù)后30 min內(nèi),褪黑素組予褪黑素10 mg/kg腹腔注射,對(duì)照組予同體積1%乙醇。每天2次,共7 d。假手術(shù)組不給藥。
1.3.2運(yùn)動(dòng)功能評(píng)定
分別在損傷后1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d和7 d對(duì)各組大鼠采用BBB評(píng)分法[7]進(jìn)行評(píng)分。
1.3.3免疫熒光染色
術(shù)后7 d,各組取6只大鼠,苯巴比妥鈉35 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉。4%PFA灌流,取出脊髓,4%PFA后固定4 h,30%蔗糖脫水過夜。冰凍切片機(jī)切片,厚20 μm。PBS漂洗玻片;4%BSA 37℃封閉非特異性抗原30 min;加兔單克隆NeuN抗體(1∶100),4℃過夜;PBS漂洗玻片;加FITC-標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔抗體(1 ∶100),37℃孵育60 min;漂洗玻片;加入防淬滅劑,熒光顯微鏡下觀察、拍照。
1.3.4尼氏染色
同前法取材,冰凍切片;梯度酒精分別脫水1 min;蒸餾水浸洗玻片2次;0.1%焦油紫染液37℃水浴120 min;蒸餾水浸洗玻片3次;冰醋酸乙醇(0.75 ml∶300 ml)分色2 min;100%酒精脫水4 min;二甲苯透明4 min;中性樹膠封片;顯微鏡下觀察,拍照。
1.3.5Western blotting
各組6只大鼠,苯巴比妥鈉35 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,以打擊點(diǎn)為中心取脊髓組織1 cm,剪碎,加裂解液冰浴60 min。14000 g離心10 min,BCA法定量蛋白。樣品于12%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離,轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,加兔多克隆NF-200抗體、兔多克隆突觸素Ⅰ抗體、兔多克隆GAP-43抗體,結(jié)合上含有辣根過氧化酶的抗兔IgG,ECL顯色。ChemiDoc MP System獲取圖像,以β-actin為內(nèi)參,Quantity One軟件測(cè)定條帶的相對(duì)光密度。
1.3.6圖像分析[8]
從損傷中心向前后各延伸0.5 mm,每5張切片取1張,熒光顯微鏡20倍視野下對(duì)脊髓橫斷面目標(biāo)位置拍照。用Image Pro Plus 7.0分析NeuN陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)目和尼氏小體灰度值。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
利用SPSS 17.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料用(±s)表示,符合正態(tài)分布的用t檢驗(yàn)或單因素方差分析,非正態(tài)分布資料用秩和檢驗(yàn)。顯著性水平α=0.05。
2.1運(yùn)動(dòng)功能
損傷后1~4 d,褪黑素組BBB評(píng)分與對(duì)照組間無顯著性差異(P>0.05);損傷后7 d,褪黑素組BBB評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。見表1。

表1 脊髓損傷后7 d內(nèi)各組BBB評(píng)分比較
2.2運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元
假手術(shù)組脊髓前角運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元胞體較大,軸突較多。對(duì)照組灰質(zhì)中NeuN陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)目降低,大部分出現(xiàn)皺縮,染色質(zhì)濃染,軸突變性。褪黑素組NeuN陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)增加。見圖1、表2。

圖1 各組脊髓神經(jīng)元(NeuN染色,20×)
尼氏染色觀察,對(duì)照組神經(jīng)元中尼氏小體較假手術(shù)組明顯減少甚至溶解,染色淺淡或著色不均;褪黑素組尼氏小體有所增加。見圖2、表2。

圖2 各組脊髓神經(jīng)元尼氏小體(尼氏染色,20×)

表2 各組運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元數(shù)及尼氏小體比較
2.3Western blotting
對(duì)照組NF-200、BDNF、突觸素Ⅰ和GAP-43表達(dá)水平較假手術(shù)組下降(P<0.05),褪黑素組NF-200、 BDNF、突觸素Ⅰ和GAP-43水平較對(duì)照組上升(P<0.05)。見圖3、表3。

圖3 各組Western blotting結(jié)果

表3 各組Western blotting結(jié)果比較(相對(duì)光密度)
本研究顯示,脊髓損傷后,支持神經(jīng)功能和神經(jīng)可塑性的分子系統(tǒng)受到削弱;而在損傷后30 min內(nèi)給予褪黑素能發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用,促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù),顯著增加突觸可塑性相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)。
尼氏小體的主要功能是合成蛋白質(zhì),包括復(fù)制細(xì)胞器、產(chǎn)生與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)有關(guān)的蛋白質(zhì)和酶[9-10]。尼氏小體的多少可以反映神經(jīng)細(xì)胞生物信息傳遞能力的強(qiáng)弱[11]。脊髓損傷后,前角運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞合成蛋白質(zhì)及相關(guān)酶的能力明顯下降,細(xì)胞固縮,結(jié)構(gòu)改變,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞接收和傳遞信息的能力減弱。給予褪黑素后,大鼠脊髓前角運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞增加,尼氏小體也隨之增加支持褪黑素對(duì)神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用。
NF是構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元胞體和神經(jīng)軸突細(xì)胞骨架的主要成分,在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷后修復(fù)及神經(jīng)退行性疾病中起重要作用[12]。NF基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的調(diào)控對(duì)NF的表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,尤其是在神經(jīng)再生和神經(jīng)退行性疾病中[13]。按相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量,NF可分為NF-68、NF-140和NF-200三種。正常情況下,NF-200只存在于軸突中;軸突損傷后,軸突的延長(zhǎng)和重構(gòu)可以被重新誘導(dǎo),NF-200是重要的誘導(dǎo)合成蛋白之一[14-15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脊髓損傷后,在多種誘導(dǎo)因子的作用下,損傷區(qū)神經(jīng)元合成大量NF-200,有利于神經(jīng)再生[15-16]。褪黑素增加脊髓損傷后NF-200表達(dá),改善神經(jīng)元的形態(tài),在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)軸漿運(yùn)輸和可塑性方面發(fā)揮重要作用。
脊髓損傷降低損傷區(qū)BDNF水平,這可能是多種機(jī)制的綜合結(jié)果,如神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的輸入減少、鄰近區(qū)域的映射降低,BDNF的產(chǎn)生也可能受生長(zhǎng)抑制劑如髓鞘相關(guān)糖蛋白的影響[17-18]。BDNF是強(qiáng)有力的突觸促進(jìn)劑,也是神經(jīng)可塑性的啟動(dòng)者[19-22]。GAP-43是軸突再生的標(biāo)志物,被用于觀察中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)隨時(shí)間的再生過程,有效的干預(yù)可促進(jìn)GAP-43標(biāo)記軸突纖維的生長(zhǎng)[23-24]。回歸分析顯示,在脊髓半切模型中,突觸素與后肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的恢復(fù)有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性[25]。本研究顯示,褪黑素能有效逆轉(zhuǎn)損傷造成的BDNF、GAP-43和突觸素的降低。
因此,褪黑素神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用的重要機(jī)制可能涉及突觸可塑性的修復(fù)。
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Effects of Melatonin on Synaptic Plasticity after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
JING Ying-li1,2,3,4,LIU Xiao-ye5,BAI Fan1,2,3,4,DONG Hao1,2,3,4,CHEN Hui1,2,3,4
1.Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine,Beijing 100068,China;2.Institute of Rehabilitation Science of China,China Rehabilitation Research Center,Beijing 100068,China;3.Center of Neural Injury and Repair,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders,Beijing 100068,China;4.Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Neural Injury and Rehabilitation,Beijing 100068,China;5.Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100050,China
Correspondence to CHEN Hui.E-mail:chenhui55299@163.com
Objective To observe the effects of melatonin on synaptic plasticity impaired by spinal cord injury in rats.Methods A total of 54 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham group(n=18),control group(n=18)and melatonin group(n=18).Spinal cord injury model was established with modified Allen's method at T10(10 g from 25 mm height).The number of neurons and the expression of the Nissl body were detected with immunofluorescence and Nissl staining.The expression of neurofilament-200(NF-200),brain-derived neurotrophic factors(BDNF),Synapsin I and growth-associated protein-43(GAP-43)was detected with Western blotting.Results Seven days after injury,the number of motoneurons,the expression of Nissl body in motoneurons,and the expression of BDNF,Synapsin I and GAP-43 decreased in the control group compared with those in the sham group,and they increased in the melatonin group compared with those in the control group.Conclusion Melatonin can repair the impaired synaptic plasticity,which might promote the functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
spinal cord injury;synaptic plasticity;melatonin;rats
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2016.07.007
R651.2
A
1006-9771(2016)07-0774-05
1.北京腦重大疾病研究院科研促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目(No.PXM2014_014226_000016)11421311;2.神經(jīng)損傷與康復(fù)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室2015年度科技創(chuàng)新基地培育與發(fā)展專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(No.Z151100001615055);3.中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(No.2015CZ-12)。
1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京市100068;2.中國康復(fù)研究中心中國康復(fù)科學(xué)所,北京市100068;3.北京腦重大疾病研究院神經(jīng)損傷與修復(fù)研究所,北京市100068;4.神經(jīng)損傷與康復(fù)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京市100068;5.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院,北京市100050。作者簡(jiǎn)介:荊瀛黎(1983-),女,山東煙臺(tái)市人,博士研究生,主要研究方向:病理生理。通訊作者:陳惠(1955-),女,研究員,主要研究方向:神經(jīng)生物學(xué)。E-mail:chenhui55299@163.com。
2015-12-09
2016-03-01)