劉 偉,顧 興,金發光 (第四軍醫大學第二附屬醫院呼吸內科,陜西西安710038)
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Nfkbiz編碼IκBζ蛋白在疾病中的調控作用研究進展
劉 偉,顧 興,金發光 (第四軍醫大學第二附屬醫院呼吸內科,陜西西安710038)
IκBζ蛋白由Nfkbiz基因編碼,是細胞核蛋白的一種,屬于IκB家族,對轉錄因子NF?κB進行調控.近年來越來越多的研究關注IκBζ在炎癥、腫瘤及其他疾病中的調控作用.本文將針對IκBζ蛋白在各類疾病發展過程中的調控作用進行綜述.
IκBζ;Nfkbiz;NF?κB
NF?κB是重要的轉錄因子,廣泛存在于細胞中,在呼吸系統疾病、心血管疾病、感染性疾病以及腫瘤性疾病的發病過程中都起到重要的作用[1].經典的IκB家族蛋白存在于細胞漿中,能與未活化的NF?κB結合形成NF?κB/IκB復合物,并促進其降解,抑制NF?κB活性的一類蛋白.經典的IκB家族的成員包括IκBα,IκBβ,IκBε,以及NF?κB前體蛋白p100和p105.而還有一類非典型的IκB蛋白包括Bcl?3、IκBNS和IκBζ,屬細胞核IκB蛋白[2].
IκBζ蛋白,分子量78 kDa,由Nfkbiz基因編碼,是IκB家族中最晚發現的成員.最早IκBζ是在LPS刺激的巨噬細胞核內發現,其具有負調節NF?κB活性的作用,而在細胞漿中未測到該蛋白,且該蛋白具有IκB家族共同的含30~33個氨基酸殘基的錨蛋白重復序列區[3].經典的IκB家族IκBα,IκBβ在各類疾病特別是炎癥性疾病中研究較多,而非典型的IκB研究較少,但是近年來關于IκBζ的研究越來越多,本文將對IκBζ在疾病中的調控作用進行綜述.
2001年Yamazaki等[2]利用巨噬細胞系研究發現IκBζ是定位于細胞核內能夠負性調節轉錄因子NF?κB活性的蛋白,且IκBζ能夠被極低劑量的脂多糖(LPS)及白細胞介素?1β(IL?1β)激活,從而抑制NF?κB活性,其負調控作用能夠持續至少48 h.但是腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF?α)卻不能夠激活IκBζ表達[4].同樣在人肺泡上皮細胞系(A549細胞)中同樣發現IL?1β對IκBζ的激活調控作用[5].研究發現IκBζ對NF?κB的活性負調控是通過與NF?κB的亞單位p65結合來抑制細胞核中基因表達[6].而且IκBζ能夠直接調控單核細胞趨化因子CCL2的分泌,IκBζ敲除的巨噬細胞會出現CCL2的分泌障礙,引起炎癥反應的加重[7].最新的研究發現IκBζ能夠直接促進轉錄因子調控抑炎因子IL?10的啟動子,能夠促進IL?10的生成,從而抑制炎癥反應[8].這項研究說明IκBζ在抑炎因子生成以及抑制炎癥反應中的重要作用.
在2005年Motoyama等[9]研究發現IκBζ不僅是NF?κB的負性調控蛋白,而且具有雙向調節作用.過表達IκBζ可以誘導白細胞介素6(IL?6)升高,而并不會引起TNF?α的升高[9].因此,IκBζ具體如何調控NF?κB及炎癥反應還需要進一步的研究證實.
在一項歐洲及非洲多中心的流行病學調查中發現編碼IκBζ蛋白的Nfkbiz基因多態性與肺炎鏈球菌性肺炎的易感性相關[10].在肺炎鏈球菌干預的細胞中發現,在外周血單核細胞中IκBζ明顯升高,而在支氣管上皮細胞中表達無變化,并能夠直接調控IL?6及粒細胞巨噬細胞集落刺激因子生成,而敲除IκBζ基因表達后IL?6及粒細胞巨噬細胞集落刺激因子生成明顯降低[11].這些研究說明IκBζ在肺炎鏈球菌感染性疾病中起到抑制炎癥的作用,可能是潛在的治療肺炎鏈球菌感染性疾病的治療靶點.
在室塵螨導致哮喘的疾病中發現IκBζ能夠通過激活產生IL?1和IL?6促進肺泡上皮細胞中的單核細胞趨化,抑制IκBζ表達后IL?1和IL?6的生成減少,IκBζ可能是調控室塵螨所致哮喘的潛在治療靶點[12].
隨著不斷地深入研究發現NF?κB在腫瘤性疾病中起到重要作用,特別是在淋巴瘤中[13-14],乳腺癌[15],惡性腦膠質瘤[16]等惡性疾病的發病過程中起到調節作用.因此,NF?κB的調控蛋白是否也在腫瘤性疾病中起到重要的作用,逐漸引起人們的關注.
IκBζ能夠通過激活IL?6增加B細胞的生成[17].而IκBζ在慢性淋巴細胞性白血病的發病過程中起到加速病情進展的作用[18-19].在414例彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤應用CHOP方案化療耐藥及敏感的患者中發現Nfkbiz基因是變化最明顯的8個基因中的一個,這預示著Nfkbiz基因可能是預示治療效果好壞的標志之一[20].
在REMBRANDT數據庫分析中發現IκBζ的表達高低與腦膠質瘤患者的惡性程度高低成正相關性,在進一步的研究中發現IκBζ可能是通過激活IL?6,IL?8和CXCL1的表達來促進腦膠質瘤細胞的生長[21].
IκBζ蛋白不僅通過NF?κB來調控腫瘤細胞的生長,而且研究發現STAT3,Bcl3等在腫瘤生長過程中起到重要調控作用的蛋白都是IκBζ的靶蛋白[22],IκBζ可以通過調控下游蛋白來調控腫瘤細胞的生長.
IκBζ不僅在炎癥性疾病及腫瘤性疾病中起到重要的調控作用,在銀屑病、干燥綜合征等疾病中也起到重要的作用.
有研究發現Nfkbiz基因能夠調控角質細胞的增生和變異,在Nfkbiz基因敲除小鼠中發現角質細胞處于低增生狀態,并且角質細胞變異的標志蛋白K10及絲聚合蛋白均明顯下調[23].在銀屑病中發現IκBζ在調控Th17細胞的生成中起到重要作用,IκBζ低表達的小鼠中Th17細胞生成明顯降低[24],IκBζ能夠明顯加重銀屑病的癥狀[25].
另一項研究發現IκBζ在干燥綜合征的發病過程中也起到重要的調控作用.在干燥綜合征發病過程中IκBζ低表達會促進上皮細胞的凋亡從而加重病情進展[26].
IκBζ作為轉錄因子NF?κB的調控因子,目前研究其調控作用主要為負性調控,但是否IκBζ對NF?κB有正性調控作用尚需進一步研究.IκBζ在疾病中的調控作用主要是通過調控NF?κB實現的,但也有研究發現IκBζ可以結合下游炎癥因子的啟動子進行直接調控,因此,IκBζ在疾病中的調控作用也許并不僅僅局限于通過調控NF?κB的間接調控,而可能會對下游分子進行直接調控,從而在相關疾病發病過程中起到更直接,更重要的調控作用.因此,IκBζ在各類疾病中的調控作用還需要進一步深入研究.
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Research progress of the regulation of IκBζ encoded by Nfkbiz in diseases
LIU Wei,GU Xing,JIN Fa?Guang
Department of Respiration,Second Hospital Affiliated to Fourth Military Medical University
Protein IκBζ is encoded by Nfkbiz.It is one of nucle?us protein and belongs to IκB family.IκBζ regulates the express of NF?κB.More and more researches focus on the regulation of IκBζ in inflammation,cancer and other diseases.We will review what role of IκBζ in these diseases.
IκBζ;Nfkbiz;NF?κB
Q344+.14
A
2095?6894(2017)04?08?03
2016-12-27;接受日期:2017-01-14
陜西省自然科學基礎研究計劃?青年人才項目(2016JQ8041)
劉 偉.博士.E?mail:liuweilung@163.com
金發光.主任醫師,教授.E?mail:jinfag@fmmu.edu.cn