閆雨荷 崔炳南 吳小紅 李 寧
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·病例報告·
青斑樣血管病的診療進展
閆雨荷1崔炳南1吳小紅1李 寧2
青斑樣血管病是一種非炎性、真皮內血管阻塞性皮膚病,以雙下肢遠端反復出現疼痛性潰瘍,網狀青斑以及瓷白色萎縮性瘢痕為主要臨床表現。本病病因及發病機制不明,可能與機體高凝狀態,纖維蛋白溶解障礙和/或與免疫系統疾病相關。目前無特效療法,主要以緩解疼痛、防止皮損進展為目的。
青斑樣血管病; 青斑樣血管炎; 病理表現; 治療
青斑樣血管病(livedoid vasculopathy, LV)是一種非炎性、真皮內血管阻塞性皮膚病。以雙下肢遠端反復出現疼痛性潰瘍,網狀青斑以及瓷白色萎縮性瘢痕為主要臨床表現。青斑樣血管病的診斷是19世紀50年代由Feldaker首先提出的,當時稱作網狀青斑伴夏季潰瘍(livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations)[1]。之后根據其病理學特點又稱為“節段性透明性血管炎”[2],雖然該病并不存在真正的血管炎。“PPURPLE”(painful purpuric ulcers with reticular pattern of lower extremities)全面涵蓋了該病的臨床特點:下肢呈網狀分布的疼痛、紫癜性潰瘍[3]。盡管存在誤解該病也被稱作“青斑樣血管炎”。
LV的發病率約為:1∶100 000,最好發于青中年,女性多于男性(女∶男3∶1)[4];中位發病年齡為45歲[5]。
LV的病因不明,可能的致病因素有機體高凝狀態,纖維蛋白溶解障礙和/或與免疫系統疾病相關。LV核心病理生理學變化是真皮微靜脈內血栓形成,繼而引起供血區域缺血壞死,最終造成潰瘍、白色萎縮性瘢痕[6-8]。但LV確切的發病機制不明,目前研究顯示它與體內多項生物化學反應缺陷相關,包括狼瘡抗凝物陽性,高同型半胱氨酸血癥[9],抗心磷脂抗體水平增高,蛋白C和/或蛋白S活性降低[10],冷球蛋白血癥,血小板P選擇素表達增高,Leiden V因子突變[11],凝血酶原基因G20210A突變,纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑1啟動因子突變[11],抗凝血酶III缺乏[12]等。近來有學者報道LV與高脂蛋白a血癥有關[5,8]。脂蛋白a具有促凝血、抗纖溶的特征,也是誘發心血管疾病的一項獨立的高危因素[13]。總之,LV是血管阻塞性疾病,多重機制參與了該血栓事件。
LV屬于慢性復發性疾病,具有夏季加重冬季緩解的臨床特點。發病過程中依次出現網狀青斑、下肢遠端潰瘍、白色萎縮。皮損最初表現為周邊伴有毛細血管擴張的紫癜性丘疹、斑塊,之后出現結痂潰瘍,最終形成固定白色萎縮性星狀瘢痕。潰瘍伴有疼痛,呈穿鑿性,通常雙側發病,緩慢愈合,有復發傾向。潰瘍的好發區域是踝關節內側,其次是雙足背[14]。
LV發病不同階段的組織病理學表現差異較大。特征性改變通常是節段型的,未受累區域不伴有病理學變化。與血管炎不同,受累血管周邊早期不存在或僅有少量炎癥細胞浸潤;之后可能出現繼發性的炎細胞浸潤伴紅細胞外溢。
LV的三個特征性病理學改變是:血管腔內血栓形成、血管內皮細胞增生、血管壁透明變性。早期,真皮淺中層血管內出現透明血栓,管壁發生輕度纖維樣變性。進展階段表現為血管壁增厚,透明樣變性,可伴有血管內皮細胞水腫和增生。潰瘍階段,真皮淺層血管阻塞伴紅細胞外溢。真皮乳頭可出現小血管增生。陳舊皮損表現為真皮彈性纖維、膠原纖維均質化,失去正常結構,淋巴管擴張,同時伴有表皮萎縮。
免疫熒光檢查在中后期皮損內可發現免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM和補體C3[15]。但多數學者認為皮損內出現的免疫反應是繼發而非原發性反應[16,17]。
對于LV,醫學界尚未形成規范化的診斷標準,階段性進展的發病過程,以網狀青斑、疼痛性潰瘍及白色萎縮性瘢痕為主要臨床表現,輔助典型皮損部位的病理檢查有助于診斷LV。本病需要與變應性血管炎相鑒別。變應性血管炎為急性發病,皮損雖多分布于下肢,但軀干和上肢也可出現,涉及范圍更廣。皮損呈多樣性,可出現瘀點、瘀斑,風團樣紅斑,水皰、血皰。潰瘍不是主要臨床表現。組織病理表現為真皮上部毛細血管及小血管的壞死性血管炎,一般無血栓形成。治療:對糖皮質激素敏感。與LV的臨床特點不同。
另外還需要與能夠形成白色萎縮的其他靜脈疾病相鑒別,包括靜脈曲張、下肢靜脈功能不全,郁積性皮炎。通常這些病例沒有LV特征性的潰瘍或不具有LV出現的網狀青斑。
LV是罕見病,目前缺乏多中心,大樣本的臨床藥物療效觀察試驗,多是個人經驗性治療報道。治療應以緩解疼痛、防止皮損進展為中心。有過成功治療經驗的藥物及療法有免疫抑制劑[18],血管擴張劑(已酮可可堿)[19],抗血小板制劑[19],抗凝血劑[19],組織纖溶酶原激活[9],促蛋白合成類固醇(達那唑)[20,21],免疫球蛋白[22],高壓氧療法[23]等。
該病由血栓誘發,系統抗凝治療具有臨床意義。低分子肝素鈉是目前應用最廣的LV治療藥物。治療過程中要求患者適當運動,避免久坐久臥同時需注意監測INR水平。
近來達那唑的應用也較為廣泛。國內學者對47例白色萎縮患者的臨床和組織病理資料進行回顧性分析,發現有11例患者服用達那唑治療,其中10例取得了良好的療效[24]。達那唑是一種雄激素樣類固醇,能夠調節血管合成過程中血管內皮細胞的功能。對中重度LV有效。達那唑的作用機制可能為:促進肝合成多種蛋白酶抑制劑,包括C1酯酶抑制劑,α-1抗胰蛋白酶,蛋白C,蛋白S,抗凝血酶III,還能夠促進某些凝血與纖溶蛋白酶的合成,如纖溶酶原[25]。同時達那唑具有血脂調節作用,能夠增加低密度脂蛋白(LDL),降低高密度脂蛋白和脂蛋白a[26]。正因為達那唑的這些作用,它被用來治療抗凝血酶III缺乏癥,蛋白C缺乏癥,蛋白S缺乏癥,遺傳性血管性水腫以及低纖維蛋白溶酶原血癥。該藥物主要的副作用有月經紊亂、體重增加[27]。
綜上所述,盡管LV確切的病因病機需要進一步研究,但目前將其稱為“血管病”而非“血管炎”就已經說明皮膚學界對該病的認識有了較大進步。抗凝治療的主要框架也已初步形成。但目前用于治療的藥物多數為說明書外的經驗性應用。LV規范化治療的摸索以及藥物安全性、療效的臨床研究將為醫生和患者帶來福音。
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(收稿:2016-02-24)
·中醫中藥·
Livedoid vasculopathy: current diagnosis and treatment
YANYuhe1,CUIBingnan1,WUXiaohong1,LINing2.
1.DermatologyDepartment,Guang'anmenHospital,ChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences,Beijing100059,China; 2.GeneralDepartment,Guang'anmenHospital,ChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences,Beijing100059,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:LINing,E-mail:lining4599@163.com
Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a recurrent vascular occlusive disease characterized by the presence of painful recurrent ulcerations, livedo reticulari and atrophic scar on the lower extremities. Although the etiopathogenesis of LV is not completely understood, it may be associated with hypercoagulable state and autoimmune. There was not a specific treatment for LV and the aim of treatment was to relieve the pain and prevent from the progress of the lesions.
livedoid vasculopathy; livedoid vasculitis; pathogenic manifestations; treatment
1中國中醫科學院廣安門醫院皮膚科,北京,100059 2中國中醫科學院廣安門醫院綜合科,北京,100059
李寧,E-mail: lining4599@163.com