Abstracts of Major Articles

s of Major Articles

On the Adherence and Compromise of the Truman Administration to the Yalta Agreement——A Case Study of the Sino-Soviet Negotiations in 1945

（HU Dekun and WANG Fanjia）

In this paper,we investigate the attitude of the Truman administration toward the Yalta Agreement before and during the Sino-Soviet negotiations in 1945.Before the talks,the Truman administration told the Nationalist government the agreement content as late as possible,expressed their willingness to inherit Roosevelt's decision,refused to explain the content of the agreement,and intervened in the Sino-Soviet talks, which indicated its cautious attitude toward the agreement and the imposition of pressure on China.The Truman administration,during the Sino-Soviet negotiations,when the Soviet Union raised issues beyond the content of the agreement,took a hands-off attitude in the outer Mongolia issue,but were actively involved in the Sino-Soviet negotiations in the northeast China issue.The Truman administration,in some specific explanations,was against the Soviet Union’sexcessive demands on the northeast problems.It stuck to its understanding of the agreement,and eventually made China and the Soviet Union reach a series of agreements acceptable to the United States.The Truman administration's change of attitude was based on the Soviet union's attitude of the agreement,the U.S.interests and the corresponding changes of international situation.

Australian Foreign Policy toward Japanese Access to GATT（1947-1955）

（DENG Feng）

In general,the Australian government opposed strongly the Japanese access to GATT during 1947—1955.Before the independence of Japan,this Australian policy centered on whether to give Japan the most-favoured-nation(MFN)treatment.After that,because the Japanese government increased pressure on Australia and there appeared the disagreements in the Australian government,the Australian policy showed some changes.With the development of international and domestic situation,the bilateral trade negotiations with Japan would be key to the Australian policy.Before the trade negotiations completed,the Australian government still stuck to the original policy and didn’t give Japan MFN treatment by quoting Article 35 of GATT,although it finally consented to the Japanese access to GATT.During the late 1940s and the early 1950s,the cold war was rampant,and both Australia and Japan were the important countries of the crescent chain on which the Capitalist Camp encircled the Socialist Camp in mainland Asia,but what Australia had done on the Japanese access to GATT had nothing to do with the ideology of the cold war.It contributes undoubtedly to our rethinking of the relations between the socialist countries in the cold war from a new perspective.

A Psychological Warfare of the United States to the German Democratic Republic during the Early Cold War

（GAO Wenzhi and XIE Guorong）

After World War II came to an end,the German Democratic Republic was founded in 1949.Under the circumstance of the cold war,the United States refused to admit it and tried every possible means to liberalize the German Democratic Republic so as to keep it maintain a pro-western stance.To achieve this goal,the United States made a psychological strategy which included propagandizing among the people of the German Democratic Republic through Radio in the American Sector and attracting the German Democratic Republic’s young people to the Federal Republic of Germany,supplying food aid to the German Democratic Republic,and so on.Based on original sources,we can analyze the origin and specific measuresof the United States’psychological strategy toward the German Democratic Republic.The United States’psychological strategy to some extent affected the thoughts of the German Democratic Republic’s people and incited them to flee to the Federal Republic of Germany,but it still could not easily reach the United States Strategic objective.

A New Study of the Eisenhower Administration’s Policy on Syria

（XUE Dan and GUO Yonghu）

The main objectives of the Eisenhower administration’s policy on Syria were formed within the overall framework of its Middle East policy,including to ease the hostile relations between Syria and Israel,to incorporate Syria into the West and to contain the Soviet influence in Syria.To achieve these goals,the Eisenhower administration planned to foster pro-American forces in Syria and plotted covert actions to subvert the anti-American Syria government.The covert action against Syria government led to the outbreak of Syria crisis.The Eisenhower administration’s Syria policy was based on the Cold War mentality,which emphasized the containment of the Soviet Union and national interests of the United States,while ignored the security needs and nationalist sentiment of Syria,resulting in sharp opposition to the bilateral relations of the two countries.The adversarial relationship between the two countries also affected the security and stability of the Middle East as a whole.

The Colombo Plan under the Perspective of the Cold War:Australia as a Case

（ZHANG Shaobing）

The Colombo Plan is one of the world’s first aid Programs.It was initiated by the Commonwealth Conference in 1950 to strengthen the economic and social development of Southeast and South Asian countries by international cooperative efforts through capital and technical aids.After World War II,Australia participated in regional construction and the implementation of Colombo Plan,increased its economic and technical aid in promoting the development of Southeast and South Asian countries.The formation of the Colombo Plan coincided with the transfer of the cold war to Asia.In the context of cold war,the Colombo plan had much wider and profounder significance of politics and Strategy and could not be explained only from the perspective of humanitarianism.Combining with the Anglo-American cold war plan,it served as a major vehicle for expanding the western influence.

The Research on Zhuyu Mountains and the Original Land of Qin People

（XU Jinbo and XU Rihui）

Historians hold different views about whether the early history of people in Qin Dynasty came from the East or the West.Mentioned in Warring-States Strategic Advisor which were excavated at Mawangdui in 1973,these people came from Shang Yan,namely,Shang He located in Qufu of Shandong Province.But only a few scholars paid attention to it due to cognitive limits at that time.Now mentioned in Chapter Three of Qinhua Bamboo Slips,after the death of King Wu of Zhou,King Cheng of Zhou put down the Three Jian Rebellion in Shang Yi and also killed Ying-qin’s progenitor Fei Lian,then moved his people whowere the ancestors of Qin Empire west to Zhuyu Mountains in Gan Gu of Gan Su province.The record that Sima Qian did not see is considered as the newest evidence of how these people started out.It is academically significant to study Zhuyu Mountains,the original land?of?Qin?people as well as its origin,heritage and the development of Qin culture.

Why Chinese Ancient Myths Become a Topic Problematic in the French Sinology

（LU Mengya）

Modern French sinologists including Edouard Chavannes,Henri Maspéro,and Marcel Granet attached great importance on Chinese ancient myths and conducted in-depth studies on them.Meanwhile,in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,local Chinese ancient myth research had not begun yet.Thus the French scholars’research on ancient Chinese mythology didn’t stem from the Chinese academia, but began from Jesuits who came to China in Ming and Qing dynasties.The study of French Jesuit missionary on ancient history of China encouraged the European scholars to study Chinese history and civilization,which further enriched the research materials and influenced French sinologists who focused on Chinese ancient history later.Then combining the method of western history,mythology,sociology and other emerging modern disciplines,sinologists established a professional study of Chinese ancient mythology in western Sinology,which directly or indirectly influenced Chinese modern mythology.

On Chu Hsi’sFamily Ritualsin Yuan Dynasty

（LIU Fang）

Chu Hsi’sFamily Ritualsis of great importance in the history of Chinese ritual system.This book was fully studied in the Song and Ming period,while it was largely ignored in Yuan Dynasty.However,it was in that period thatFamily Ritualsrose to a position as national rituals.This paper dwells on the promotion and implementation ofFamily Ritualsamong Han people under the Mongol rule and tries to explain how a family ritual book gradually obtained recognition between Song and Ming Dynasties.

Two Decades’Resentment:Sun Yirang and Chen Qiu——Beginning with the Fight before the 1898 Imperial Examination in Wen Zhou

（QIU Lin）

Before the start of the 1898 Imperial examination in Wen Zhou,Chen Fuchen beat Stipendiary Peng Jinghuai because of his younger brother-in-law’s participation in the examination.Finally the incident evolved into a lawsuit lasting more than half a year,with Huang Tifang,Sun Yirang and Chen Qiu involved in.Sun Yirang criticized Chen Qiu fiercely in letters to Wang Kangnian.However,Sun’s criticismindicated the outbreak of a two-decade resentment,rather than simply targeting at the incident.Living together in the small Rui An county,Sun and Chen remained hostile toward each other for as long as twenty years.Due to the difference oftheir academic paths and personalities,Sun had a prejudice against Chen,which affected his evaluation of Chen’s reform thoughts and behaviors.Besides,Chen Qiu suffered a lot and died in indignation as a result of his arrogance.

A Study of Social Relief for Rickshaw Pullers in Xi’an during the Period of Capital Xijing

（GUO Shiqiang and WU Yinghua）

The period of Capital Xijing(1932-1945),the rickshaw pullers gradually became the biggest labor group in Xi’an,but they were also a relief-wanted group since t they lacked resources necessary to survive. So the government and social forces took various forms of remedy,including improving the rickshaw pullers’life and their economic and social status.By analyzing the forms of such social relief which changed from traditional to modern ways,I would argue that in the city of Xi’an under modern transition,the authority of the government in social welfare had changed from“participation”to“domination”and“control”,and the modern public welfare had also changed from popular charity mechanism,which were based on traditional individual donations,to the public enterprises of social organizations.

The Change of Taiwan’s HistoriographicalIdeas in the Mid-20th Century

（LI Tianxing）

The development of Taiwan historiography was very limited due to the historical constraints during the Japanese occupation period.After World War II,because of"lack of successors",the study of Japanese history disappeared in Taiwan.In 1949,with the relocation of the Institute of History and Philology of the A-cademia Sinica and the reconstruction of the History Department of Taiwan University,the historical materials school was transplanted from mainland China to Taiwan and gradually occupied the mainstream positionthere.But in the 1960s,with the return of a group of overseas scholars of Taiwan,Taiwan historians began to utter different voices.They opposed the simple textual research,advocated historical writing and interpretation.While criticizing"history is the science of historical materials",it also questioned the"scientific nature"of history by re-understanding Ranke's historiography.Taiwan’s historiography shows a change from positivist history to interpretative history,which is complementary to the tendency of introducing of social science methods to historiography.

On the Economic Crisis in Europe in 1847：Mainly to Take England and France as Examples

（WANG Jiafeng）

The economic crises of 1847 were an important event in early industrial capitalism,and Europe was the centre of it.Taking England and France as examples,this article mainly discusses the following issues: the causes and processes of this crises,showing that the traditional poor crops still played an?important role in thecrisis;the reason that England shook off the crises more smoothly than France due to its various advantages as the core country of capitalism;the formation of the national banks in these two countries were roughly completed during around the years of the crises.

A Study on the Reasons of“Humanization”in the Byzantine LawEcloga

（LI Jirong）

after the famousCorpus Juris Civiliusthe Byzantine lawEcloga,which was issued by the emperors Leo III and Constantine V in 740(741)and was written to improve the Humanization for the first time explicitly,is another one important code in the History of Roman-Byzantine Empire.This article thinks that the Humanization,being written in the law,was not because of the mercy of the emperors,but had a lot to do with the social condition of that time,including the population decrease and Christian fraternity.These two elements pushed the emperors to improve humanization in the law in order to maintain the stability of the empire and promote the prosperity of the empire.

The Differentiation of Japanese Military Administration from Military Command Systems in the Meiji Period

（ZHANG Lin）

During the Meiji period，the Japanese Army and Navy didn’t differentiate the military administration from military command.Rather,they were under the management of Ministry of War and Ministry of Navy, both attached to the Daijō-kan.After Series of reforms and adjustments,the Japanese armed forces finally established the military dual system:the Army Chiefs and the Navy General Staff as the commander?authorities of the command system,which were attached to the Emperor of Japan;Ministry of War and Ministry of Navy as the heads of the military administration system,which were attached to the Cabinet.In the short run,the differentiation between military administration and command system enhanced the operational command capability of Japanese Army and Navy.However,in the long run,the new mechanism not only intensified the conflict between Japanese Army and Navy,but also led to the disconnection of military buildingfrom actualfighting,and sowed the seeds of crazy invasive wars.