姜 敏,遲 峰,曾越燦
阿瑞匹坦用于晚期乳腺癌化療的止吐效果觀察
姜 敏,遲 峰,曾越燦
目的 觀察阿瑞匹坦對晚期乳腺癌患者應用含順鉑化療方案后止吐效果及安全性。方法 選取我院2014年1月—2016年5月使用含順鉑化療方案的晚期乳腺癌56例,按照隨機數字表法分為觀察組及對照組,每組各28例。觀察組于化療首日用藥前1 h口服阿瑞匹坦125 mg/d,第2、3天晨起口服阿瑞匹坦80 mg/d,同時予格拉司瓊、地塞米松各5 mg/d靜脈推注;對照組予安慰劑、格拉司瓊及地塞米松,劑量及方法與觀察組相同。結果 兩組急性惡心、遲發性惡心、急性嘔吐、遲發性嘔吐、急性惡心并嘔吐發生率比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);與對照組比較,觀察組遲發性惡心并嘔吐發生率降低,差異有統計學意義(P=0.043)。觀察組無惡心嘔吐17例,對照組無惡心嘔吐9例,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組其他不良反應比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),且阿瑞匹坦未發生相關中重度藥物不良反應。結論 阿瑞匹坦對應用含順鉑化療方案的晚期乳腺癌患者止吐效果好,安全性高。
阿瑞匹坦; 血清素5-HT3受體拮抗劑;乳腺腫瘤;止吐
乳腺癌發病率與死亡率位于女性惡性腫瘤首位[1],且發病年齡逐漸年輕化。目前化療是乳腺癌內科治療的主要手段,其中順鉑治療效果好,但易引起嚴重惡心嘔吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, CINV),使患者對順鉑望而卻步,影響治療依從性[2]。目前臨床主要應用5-羥色胺3受體拮抗劑(5-HT3RA)聯合地塞米松防治急性CINV,其對于遲發性惡心嘔吐的治療效果不佳[3]。阿瑞匹坦是2003年美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)批準上市的第一個神經激肽-1受體拮抗劑,可透過血腦屏障作用于腦干嘔吐中樞,對于急性及遲發性惡心、嘔吐均有一定的治療效果。本文研究阿瑞匹坦對使用含順鉑化療方案的晚期乳腺癌患者惡心、嘔吐的預防效果,現將結果報告如下。
1.1 研究對象 選擇我院2014年1月—2016年5月使用含順鉑化療方案的晚期乳腺癌56例,均為女性,由細胞學或病理學檢查明確診斷為乳腺癌,TNM分期均為IV期;年齡25~73歲,中位年齡55歲;美國東部腫瘤協作組(ECOG)評分均<2分;預測生存期>3個月。所有患者化療前血常規、生化全項、心電圖等檢查基本正常,無化療禁忌證,均予2~8個周期含順鉑的化療方案化療,且均簽署知情同意書,自愿參與并配合治療。
1.2 一般資料 將56例按照隨機數字表法分為觀察組和對照組,每組各28例。化療方案包括TP方案(多西紫杉醇+順鉑)、GP方案(吉西他濱+順鉑)及NP方案(長春瑞濱+順鉑)。兩組一般資料比較差異無統計學意義,具有可比性(P>0.05),見表1。

表1 采用不同止吐方法的乳腺癌化療兩組一般資料[例(%)]
注:TP方案為多西緊彬醇+順鉑,GP方案為吉西他濱+順鉑,NP方案為長春瑞濱+順鉑;ECOG評分為美國東部腫瘤協作組評分
1.3 治療方法 所有患者均應用含順鉑的化療方案,順鉑劑量為75 mg/m2。觀察組于化療首日用藥前1 h口服阿瑞匹坦(意美,美國Merck Sharp&Dohme Corp)125 mg/d,第2、3天晨起口服阿瑞匹坦80 mg/d,同時予格拉司瓊、地塞米松各5 mg/d靜脈推注。對照組予安慰劑、格拉司瓊及地塞米松,劑量及用法與觀察組相同。
1.4 惡心、嘔吐評價標準 參照《美國國家癌癥研究所-通用不良反應評價標準》(Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, CTCAE)關于胃腸道不良反應的評價標準,將應用化療藥物24 h內發生的惡心嘔吐為急性惡心并嘔吐,應用化療藥物24~96 h內出現的惡心嘔吐為遲發性惡心并嘔吐。記錄患者在化療后96 h內出現惡心、嘔吐的情況,統計CINV的發生率及不良反應發生情況。
1.5 統計學處理 采用SPSS 17.0統計學軟件對數據進行分析。計數資料采用率(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。以α=0.05為檢驗水準。
2.1 兩組CINV發生率比較 兩組急性惡心、遲發性惡心、急性嘔吐、遲發性嘔吐、急性惡心并嘔吐的發生率比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);與對照組比較,觀察組遲發性惡心并嘔吐的發生率明顯降低,差異有統計學意義(P=0.043);觀察組無惡心嘔吐17例,對照組無惡心嘔吐9例,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.2 不良反應評價 兩組不良反應均為輕度,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表3。阿瑞匹坦未發生相關中重度藥物不良反應(Ⅲ~Ⅳ度)。

表2 采用不同止吐方法的乳腺癌化療兩組惡心、嘔吐發生率比較[例(%)]
注:觀察組予阿瑞匹坦、格拉司瓊及地塞米松,對照組予安慰劑、格拉司瓊及地塞米松

表3 采用不同止吐方法的乳腺癌化療兩組輕度不良反應比較[例(%)]
注:觀察組予阿瑞匹坦、格拉司瓊及地塞米松,對照組予安慰劑、格拉司瓊及地塞米松
化療是乳腺癌治療的主要手段之一,易引起惡心、嘔吐、便秘等不良反應。按照引起惡心嘔吐的概率分為高、中、低和輕微4個風險等級,在無任何干預措施時,風險等級發生的概率分別為>90%、30%~90%、10%~29% 和<10%[4]。鉑類、環磷酰胺及表阿霉素類等乳腺癌化療常用藥物均屬于高致吐藥物,且晚期乳腺癌患者多已進行多種治療,一般狀態較差,對再次化療的耐受性降低,若不能及時對CINV進行預防和處理,將極大影響患者的信心、依從性和治療效果。為盡可能保證患者順利完成化療,在不增加其他相關不良反應的同時減輕CINV非常重要。
CINV的發生機制較復雜,主要通過5-羥色胺(5-HT)、P物質、組胺等神經遞質發揮作用[5]。人體大部分5-HT存在于腸道嗜鉻細胞中,機體接受化療藥物刺激后釋放大量5-HT,并與5-HT3受體結合,興奮迷走神經,將信號傳遞至中樞神經系統,從而引起惡心、嘔吐。不同的神經遞質可能參與不同類型的CINV,其發揮的作用也不盡相同。P物質是一種神經調節多肽,廣泛分布于外周及中樞神經系統,其受體共有3種亞型,分別為神經激肽(neurokinin, NK)-1、NK-2和NK-3,其中NK-1與P物質的結合能力最強,且在腦干嘔吐中樞中含量最多,二者結合后可興奮嘔吐中樞從而誘發相應癥狀[6]。動物實驗發現特異性阻斷NK-1受體可緩解P物質引起的惡心嘔吐[7]。
阿瑞匹坦的作用機制是通過結合NK-1受體達到阻斷P物質的作用,且其對NK-1受體具有高選擇性及高親和力,對NK-2、NK-3、5-HT3及地塞米松等其他受體的親和力較低,故聯合其他受體拮抗劑,可明顯改善CINV[8]。阿瑞匹坦與蛋白的結合率高,可穿透血腦屏障作用于腦干嘔吐中樞的NK-1受體,半衰期長,對急性及遲發性CINV均可發揮作用,且其為口服制劑,服用方便,不受食物影響,多數情況下無需調整劑量,安全性高,患者耐受性良好[9]。
研究發現,阿瑞匹坦對治療遲發性惡心嘔吐具有顯著優勢,聯合5-HT3RA與糖皮質激素可有效防治CINV[10-12]。然而,在不同的臨床研究中,阿瑞匹坦三聯方案針對不同疾病及化療方案的急性惡心嘔吐完全緩解情況尚無統一結論,尚需大樣本臨床試驗進一步證實[13-14]。隨著對阿瑞匹坦研究的不斷深入,發現阿瑞匹坦對術后止吐的治療效果良好[15-16]。體外研究發現,NK-1受體拮抗劑具有促進凋亡、抗血管生成從而抑制黑色素瘤的作用[17]。在急性淋巴細胞白血病的體外研究中亦得出了相似結論,NK-1受體拮抗劑通過作用于Akt/ p53軸從而促進腫瘤細胞凋亡[18]。
本研究結果顯示觀察組未發生惡心嘔吐的例數明顯降低,與國外報道的研究結果基本一致[19-21]。本研究應用阿瑞匹坦的患者均未發生其他中重度不良反應,且兩組輕度不良反應差異比較無統計學意義,患者耐受性及藥物安全性良好。本研究的不足之處在于樣本量偏小,未對乳腺癌患者進行長期隨訪,無法評價藥物對乳腺癌無病生存期及總生存率的影響。
綜上所述,阿瑞匹坦對應用含順鉑化療方案的晚期乳腺癌患者止吐效果好,且不良反應輕微,可避免患者因化療導致的生活質量大幅下降。然而,阿瑞匹坦費用較高,為口服制劑,對于不便服用口服藥物的患者,靜脈制劑可能是更好的選擇,希望日后隨著NK-1受體拮抗劑的不斷研發和改進,能讓更多腫瘤患者擺脫CINV的痛苦。
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Efficacy of Aprepitant in Treatment of Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting in Patients with Advance Breast Cancer
JIANG Min, CHI Feng, ZENG Yue-can
(Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Liaoning 110022, China)
Objective To observe efficacy and safety of Aprepitant in treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in advanced breast cancer patients treated with Cisplatin. Methods A total of 56 advanced breast cancer patients treated with Cisplatin during January 2014 and May 2016 were divided into observation group (n=28) and control group (n=28) according to random digits table method. Observation group was treated with 125 mg/d Aprepitant one hour before medication on the first day of chemotherapy, and 80 mg/d Aprepitant was taken orally in the morning on the 2ndand 3rddays, and 5 mg/d Granisetron and 5 mg/d Dexamethasone were given by intravenous push at the same time. Control group was treated with placebo, Granisetron and Dexamethasone with the same dosage and method. Results There were no significant differences in incidence rates of acute nausea, delayed nausea, acute vomiting, delayed vomiting and acute nausea and vomiting in the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with those in control group, incidence rate of delayed nausea and vomiting was significantly decreased in observation group (P=0.043). There were 17 patients without nausea or vomiting in observation group and 9 patients without nausea or vomiting in control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in other incidence rates of adverse reaction between the two groups (P>0.05), and no moderate or severe adverse reaction was found by Aprepitant. Conclusion Aprepitant in treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in advanced breast cancer patients treated with Cisplatin can achieve good effect and safety.
Aprepitant; Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists; Breast neoplasms; Antiemesis
110022 沈陽,中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院腫瘤科
曾越燦,E-mail:wellyy2005@hotmail.com
R737.9
A
1002-3429(2017)03-0095-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.03.035
2016-11-24 修回時間:2016-12-26)