孫 珂, 褚翠英, 鄭夢琦, 高 遠, 齊由坤, 王鳳澤
(泰山醫學院生命科學學院, 山東 泰安 271016)
CP466722抑制HepG2細胞增殖并誘導細胞凋亡*
孫 珂, 褚翠英, 鄭夢琦, 高 遠, 齊由坤, 王鳳澤△
(泰山醫學院生命科學學院, 山東 泰安 271016)
目的: 研究共濟失調毛細血管擴張癥突變蛋白(ATM)抑制劑CP466722對人肝細胞癌HepG2細胞增殖和凋亡的影響及其可能的分子機制。方法: MTT法檢測CP466722對HepG2細胞活力的抑制作用,細胞集落形成實驗觀察CP466722對細胞增殖的影響,流式細胞術分析細胞周期的變化,TUNEL染色觀察CP466722對細胞凋亡誘導作用,Western blotting檢測細胞內蛋白的表達水平。結果: CP466722能夠劑量依賴性地抑制HepG2細胞活力與細胞增殖;HepG2細胞經CP466722作用24 h后,細胞周期明顯阻滯于G2/M期,同時磷酸化細胞分裂周期蛋白2(p-Cdc2)、細胞分裂周期蛋白25 C (Cdc25C)和磷酸化Cdc25C(p-Cdc25C)的蛋白水平下降,而p27的蛋白表達則上調。較高濃度的CP466722誘導HepG2細胞發生凋亡,促進胱天蛋白酶3(caspase-3)和多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)的剪切。此外,CP466722抑制β-聯蛋白(β-catenin)及其下游因子生存素(survivin)的表達,上調p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)的磷酸化水平。結論: CP466722抑制HepG2細胞增殖并誘導細胞發生凋亡,其機制可能與其抑制β-catenin信號途徑和激活p38 MAPK相關。
CP466722; 肝細胞癌; 細胞增殖; 細胞凋亡; p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶; β-聯蛋白
肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是全球最常見惡性腫瘤之一,嚴重威脅人類的生存與健康。中國是全球HCC發病率最高的國家,據統計2015年全國新發病例約47萬,新增死亡病例約42萬[1]。雖然手術治療是HCC的主要治療方法,但由于多數HCC 診斷時即為中晚期,使得化學藥物治療已成為HCC臨床治療的主要手段之一[2-3]。但應注意的是,藥物治療的毒副作用以及化療藥物耐藥等復雜情況限制了治療方案的選擇[4]。因此,提高抗腫瘤藥物的療效及尋找新的化療藥物已成為HCC治療的主要方向之一。
CP466722 (CP)是一種小分子共濟失調毛細血管擴張癥突變蛋白(ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein,ATM)的可逆抑制劑,能夠抑制離子輻射誘導的ATM磷酸化激活,從而增加腫瘤細胞的放療敏感性[5]。本研究以肝癌細胞HepG2為實驗用細胞株,研究CP466722對肝癌細胞增殖和凋亡的影響,同時初步探索其抑癌活性的分子機制,為CP466722的臨床應用以及HCC治療提供新思路和實驗依據。
1 實驗材料
CP466722購自Selleck Chemicals;胎牛血清購自Gibco;MTT和抗β-actin抗體購自Sigma;TUNEL凋亡檢測試劑盒購自Roche;ECL試劑盒購自Thermo Scientific Pierce;抗p-Cdc2(Tyr15)、p-Cdc25C(Ser216)、β-catenin、survivin、caspase-3和PARP抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology;抗ERK、p-ERK、p38、p-p38、p27、Cdc2和cyclin B1抗體購自Santa Cruz;抗Cdc25C抗體購自Abcam; II 抗均購自北京中杉金橋。
2 實驗方法
2.1 細胞培養 肝癌細胞株HepG2購自中科院上海細胞庫,用含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養基在37 ℃和5% CO2條件下培養。
2.2 細胞活力測定 將HepG2細胞接種于96孔板中,加入不同劑量的CP466722作用24 h。在終止培養前4 h加20 μL (5 g/L)的MTT于各孔中。吸去細胞培養液并加入150 μL的DMSO,室溫振蕩5~10 min后用酶標儀在490 nm波長下測定吸光度值,并對實驗結果進行統計分析。
2.3 細胞集落形成實驗 將HepG2細胞以合適密度接種于6孔培養板中,加入不同濃度CP466722進行藥物干預。10 d后吸出培養基,PBS洗滌,加入無水甲醇固定細胞20 min。PBS洗滌細胞,加入結晶紫染色10 min,PBS洗滌細胞,倒置顯微鏡下拍照并計數每孔細胞團數目。
2.4 細胞周期的檢測 接種HepG2細胞于6孔培養板中。待細胞貼壁后加入不同濃度的CP466722處理細胞24 h。胰酶消化收集細胞,800 r/min 離心5 min,PBS洗滌后用70% 預冷乙醇固定過夜。離心去除乙醇,加入RNase A于37 ℃作用細胞30 min,然后用碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI)避光染色10 min,流式細胞術分析細胞周期。
2.5 細胞凋亡的檢測 經CP466722處理24 h的HepG2細胞用PBS洗滌2次后,于4 ℃固定1 h,接著用0.1% Triton X-100 打孔2 min。然后按照TUNEL凋亡檢測試劑盒說明書對細胞進行凋亡染色,最后于倒置熒光顯微鏡下觀察TUNEL染色結果并拍照。
2.6 Western blotting檢測蛋白表達 細胞用RAPI裂解液(含有蛋白酶抑制劑)冰上裂解20 min,然后4 ℃ 13 000×g離心20 min,收集上清定量。取30~40 μg總蛋白進行SDS-PAGE,電轉移至PVDF膜上。采用5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉PVDF膜2 h,接著加入 I 抗室溫孵育3 h,PBS洗滌3次后加入 II 抗,室溫孵育1 h,PBS洗滌3次后ECL顯色試劑盒顯影。實驗重復3次。
3 統計學處理
采用SPSS 16.0 統計軟件對數據進行統計分析。數據用均數±標準差(mean±SD)表示,多組之間比較采用單因素方差分析,應用SNK-q檢驗進行組間兩兩比較,以P<0.05 為差異有統計學意義。
1 CP466722降低HepG2細胞的存活率
MTT實驗的檢測結果顯示,HepG2細胞經不同濃度CP466722作用24 h后,細胞活力與對照組相比呈下降趨勢,且具有明顯的濃度依賴性關系,表明CP466722能夠劑量依賴性地降低HepG2細胞活力,見圖1。

Figure 1.CP466722 reduced the viability of HepG2 cells. The cells were incubated with indicated concentrations of CP466722 for 24 h and then processed for MTT assay. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖1 CP466722降低HepG2細胞活力
細胞集落形成實驗的結果顯示CP466722對HepG2細胞增殖具有抑制作用,CP466722能明顯減少HepG2細胞克隆的形成,抑制了HepG2細胞的增殖,見圖2。

Figure 2.CP466722 inhibited the colony formation ability of HepG2 cells. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖2 CP466722抑制HepG2細胞增殖
2 CP466722阻滯HepG2細胞于G2/M期
PI 法檢測CP466722對HepG2細胞周期的影響,結果顯示CP466722 作用于細胞24 h后,與對照組相比,G2/M期細胞比例明顯升高,而S期的細胞比例則相應減少,提示CP466722能夠阻滯肝癌細胞于G2/M期,見圖3、表1。

Figure 3.Upon exposure to CP466722 for 24 h, HepG2 cells exhibited G2/M phase arrest.
圖3 CP466733誘導HepG2細胞發生G2/M期阻滯
表1 CP466722誘導HepG2細胞周期阻滯于G2/M期
Table 1.Upon exposure to CP466722 for 24 h, HepG2 cells exhibited G2/M phase arrest (%.Mean±SD.n=3)

CP466722(μmol/L)G0/G1G2/MS038.81±2.445.08±0.6355.96±2.90552.12±2.64*19.93±1.22*27.62±1.17*1044.11±1.8531.94±1.53*23.76±1.09*2034.13±1.2646.82±1.77*19.15±0.85*
*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
Western blotting結果顯示,不同濃度CP466722作用于HepG2 細胞24 h后, p27的蛋白表達增加,而p-Cdc2、Cdc25C和p-Cdc25C的蛋白水平降低,cyclin B1的表達水平未見明顯變化,見圖4。
3 CP466722誘導HepG2細胞發生凋亡
采用TUNEL染色法觀察CP466722對HepG2細胞凋亡的影響,結果顯示與對照組相比,較高濃度的CP466722能夠誘導HepG2細胞發生凋亡,見圖5。
Western blotting結果證實,CP466722促進HepG2細胞中caspase-3的活性剪切,同時也增加PARP的切割,表明胱天蛋白酶家族成員的激活可能與CP466722誘導肝癌細胞凋亡相關,見圖6。
4 CP466722激活HepG2細胞中p38 MAPK 的活性
Western blotting結果顯示,CP466722作用肝癌細胞后,p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平明顯升高,而ERK的磷酸化未見明顯變化,見圖7。

Figure 4.The effects of CP466722 treatment at different concentrations for 24 h on the protein levels of cell cycle-associated proteins in the HepG2 cells. β-actin served as loading control. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖4 CP466722對細胞周期相關蛋白水平的影響
Figure 5.HepG2 cells were treated with 20 μmol/L of CP466722 for 24 h, and the apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining (×400). Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖5 CP466722誘導HepG2細胞發生凋亡
5 CP466722對β-catenin信號通路的抑制作用
如圖8所示,HepG2細胞經CP466722作用24 h后,β-catenin的表達水平明顯下降,同時其下游因子survivin的蛋白表達也受到抑制。
本研究主要探討CP466722對肝癌細胞增殖的抑制活性及細胞凋亡的誘導作用,同時闡明其可能的內在分子機理。研究結果表明,CP466722能夠劑量依賴性地抑制肝癌細胞活力和細胞集落形成能力;較高濃度的CP466722能夠激活與細胞凋亡密切相關的caspase-3 發生活性剪切,促進其底物PARP的切割,進而誘導HepG2細胞發生凋亡。
細胞周期調控在腫瘤的發生和治療中起著重要作用,多種化療藥物均可誘導細胞發生G2/M 期阻滯并促進細胞發生凋亡[6-7]。Cdc2與cyclin B1復合物是G2/M檢驗點的關鍵調節因子,而Cdc25C又是調節Cdc2 活性的關鍵酶,當Ser216位點磷酸化時,Cdc25C與14-3-3蛋白結合并滯留在胞質中,不能進入到細胞核而失去活性[8-9]。本研究發現,CP466722作用于HepG2細胞24 h 后,G2/M期的細胞數目明顯增多,而處于S期的細胞比例則相應下降,表明CP466722抑制HepG2細胞增殖與誘導G2/M 期阻滯有密切關系。Western blot結果顯示,CP466722對細胞周期的調控可能與其下調Cdc25C和p-Cdc25C表達水平進而抑制Cdc2的磷酸化相關,其上調p27蛋白表達也可能參與該過程。

Figure 6.HepG2 cells were exposed to indicate concentrations of CP466722 for 24 h and cleavages of caspase-3 and PARP were estimated by Western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖6 CP466722促進caspase-3 和PARP的剪切

Figure 7.CP466722 increased the activation of p38 in the HepG2 cells. The cells were exposed to CP466722 for 24 h, and the protein levels of p-ERK1/2, p-p38, ERK1/2 and p38 were identified by Western blotting. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖7 CP466722 促進p38 MAPK磷酸化

Figure 8.CP466722 inhibited the expression of β-catenin and survivin in the HepG2 cells. The cells were exposed to CP466722 for 24 h, and the levels of β-catenin and survivin were measured by Western blotting. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 μmol/L.
圖8 CP466722抑制β-catenin和survivin的表達
MAPK 家族蛋白參與調節細胞增殖、凋亡及分化等生理病理過程,在細胞的各種生命活動中均發揮著重要作用[10]。因此,本研究檢測了MAPK家族因子ERK和p38 MAPK是否參與CP466722調控HepG2細胞增殖和凋亡的過程。實驗結果表明,CP466722能夠促進肝癌細胞中p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平,提示p38 MAPK可能與CP466722的抗腫瘤活性相關。
此外,CP466722顯著抑制HepG2 細胞中β-catenin及其下游因子survivin的蛋白水平。Wnt/β-catenin 信號途徑能夠促進腫瘤細胞的增殖、遷移并抑制細胞凋亡,該信號通路的異常活化與多種腫瘤發生過程密切相關,而抑制該信號通路則可減緩腫瘤細胞生長及誘導腫瘤細胞發生凋亡[11-12]。由此推測,CP466722抑制Wnt/β-catenin 信號通路可能參與調控HepG2細胞增殖和誘導細胞凋亡的過程。
綜上所述,CP466722能夠顯著抑制HepG2細胞增殖,促進細胞發生G2/M期阻滯,同時誘導細胞發生凋亡。其可能機制與CP466722 促進p38 MAPK的磷酸化及抑制β-catenin和survivin的表達水平密切相關。
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(責任編輯: 林白霜, 羅 森)
CP466722 inhibits proliferation and triggers apoptosis of HepG2 cells
SUN Ke, CHU Cui-ying, ZHENG Meng-qi, GAO Yuan, QI You-kun, WANG Feng-ze
(SchoolofLifeSciences,TaishanMedicalUniversity,Tai’an271016,China.E-mail:wfz221@sina.com)
AIM: To investigate the effect of CP466722, an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM), on the proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. METHODS: The cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The cell growth inhibition was measured by colony formation assay. The effect of CP466722 on the cell cycle distribution of the HepG2 cells was examined by flow cytometry. The cell apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining. The protein expression was examined by Western blotting. RESULTS: CP466722 inhibited the cell viability and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In CP466722-treated HepG2 cells, the cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase, and the protein levels of phosphorylated cell division cycle protein 2 (p-Cdc2), cell division cycle protein 25C (Cdc25C) and phosphorylated Cdc25C (p-Cdc25C) were inhibited, whereas the protein expression of p27 was up-regulated. CP466722 triggered the apoptosis of HepG2 cells through cleavages of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, CP466722 increased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and suppressed the expression of β-catenin and survivin in the HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: CP466722 inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells, which may be related to activating p38 MAPK and inhibiting the expression of β-catenin and survivin.
CP466722; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Cell proliferation; Cell apoptosis; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; β-catenin
1000- 4718(2017)04- 0655- 06
2016- 11- 08
2016- 12- 19
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No. 81272683); 國家級大學生創新創業訓練計劃項目(No. 201510439067; No. 201610439275)
R730.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2017.04.013
△通訊作者 Tel: 0538-6231086; E-mail: wfz221@sina.com