方 碩 詹 成 張 毅 姚光宇 謝曉楓 張永星△ 范 虹
(1復旦大學附屬中山醫院胸外科,2病理科 上海 20032)
131例縱隔原發性神經源性腫瘤手術治療的臨床經驗分析
方 碩1詹 成1張 毅1姚光宇1謝曉楓2張永星1△范 虹1
(1復旦大學附屬中山醫院胸外科,2病理科 上海 20032)
目的 分析縱隔原發性神經源性腫瘤行手術治療患者的臨床特征、治療方法和預后情況。方法 回顧性分析復旦大學附屬中山醫院胸外科2008年1月至2014年12月期間已行手術且病理證實為縱隔原發性神經源性腫瘤共131例患者的臨床資料,包括臨床特征、影像學表現、手術方式、病理學形態和預后。結果 131例患者中男性78例(59.5%),女性53例(40.5%);有癥狀者59例(45.0%),無癥狀者72例(55.0%);腫瘤位于左后縱隔61例,右后縱隔69例,前縱隔1例。電視輔助胸腔鏡手術(video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS)98例(74.8%),VATS輔助胸部小切口手術5例(3.8%),開胸手術28例(21.4%)。除1例惡性神經鞘瘤行姑息性切除外,其他均完整切除,無圍手術期死亡。病理類型顯示良性神經鞘瘤98例(74.8%),神經節細胞瘤24例(18.3%),惡性神經鞘瘤2例(1.5%),神經纖維瘤2例(1.5%),副神經節瘤2例(1.5%),原始神經外胚層腫瘤(primitive neurotodermal tumour,PNET)2例(1.5%),神經母細胞瘤1例(0.8%)。術后隨訪12~95個月,平均53個月,1例PNET因腫瘤廣泛轉移死亡,1例惡鞘姑息切除術后20天死亡,2例因其他原因死亡,其余均無瘤存活至2016年1月。結論 縱隔神經源性腫瘤多無特異性臨床癥狀,絕大部分為良性,手術切除預后良好,但惡性腫瘤則預后較差。
縱隔腫瘤; 神經源性腫瘤; 臨床特征; 手術治療; 預后
神經源性腫瘤是縱隔最常見的腫瘤之一,占全部縱隔腫瘤的10.0%~34.0%[1,2],上海市胸科醫院1957—1999年間共行縱隔腫瘤手術2 638例,其中神經源性腫瘤499例(18.9%)[3]。其分類較為復雜,病理類型與年齡相關,解剖關系多變,治療方法不盡相同[4],本文通過對縱隔神經源性腫瘤的分類、臨床表現、輔助檢查、治療方法和結果及預后等進行分析和總結,以期為臨床診斷和個體化治療提供參考價值。
復旦大學附屬中山醫院胸外科2004年至2014年間行縱隔腫瘤手術患者共計2 467例,其中神經源性腫瘤253例(10.3%)。對2008年1月至2014年12月期間由本院胸外科行手術且病理證實為縱隔原發性神經源性腫瘤共131例患者的臨床資料進行統計分析,總結患者的一般情況、臨床表現、輔助檢查、手術方法和結果及疾病預后情況,術后隨訪12~95個月,平均隨訪53個月。神經源性腫瘤病理類型較為復雜,與年齡關系密切,根據神經細胞的胚胎發生可分為3類[5],本研究入選患者的縱隔原發性神經源性腫瘤分類如表1所示。

表1 131例患者神經源性腫瘤分類Tab 1 Classifications of primary neurogenic tumors in 131 case
一般情況 131例患者中男性78例,女性53例,年齡15~76歲,中位年齡46歲;病理類型顯示良性神經鞘瘤98例(74.8%),神經節細胞瘤24例(18.3%),惡性神經鞘瘤、神經纖維瘤、副神經節瘤、原始神經外胚層腫瘤(primitive neurotodermal tumor,PENT)各2例(1.5%),神經母細胞瘤1例(0.8%)。其中良性腫瘤126例,惡性腫瘤5例。
臨床表現 多數患者無明顯癥狀(72例,55.0%),發生胸痛、胸悶、咳嗽、咳痰、上肢麻木、眼瞼下垂、面部無汗等有癥狀者59例(45.0%),其中由腫瘤而非肺部感染、心臟病等其他疾病引起的直接相關癥狀者34例(26.0%),包括胸背疼痛不適11例,胸悶5例,面部無汗4例,眼瞼下垂3例,上肢發麻刺痛3例、肩胛區酸脹不適2例,咳嗽咳痰2例,進食梗阻2例,上肢無汗1例,上肢肌肉萎縮1例,活動后氣促1例,口唇麻木1例,血壓升高1例。
輔助檢查 CT影像學檢查結果顯示原發灶位置情況:左側縱隔61例(左上縱隔27例,左后縱隔34例,左前縱隔1例),右側縱隔69例(右上縱隔32例,右后縱隔37例),前縱隔1例。腫瘤最小1 cm×0.5 cm×0.7 cm,最大18 cm×15 cm×4.5 cm。
手術方法和結果 電視輔助胸腔鏡手術(video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS)手術98例(74.8%),VATS輔助胸部小切口入路5例(3.8%),開胸手術28例(21.4%),其中右后外側切口入路9例(6.9%),左后外側切口入路7例(5.3%),VATS中轉開胸5例(3.8%),胸部正中劈開入路2例(1.5%),VATS輔助胸骨正中劈開和右外側切口入路、VATS和脊柱旁后入路、脊柱旁后入路、頸切口入路、鎖骨上和左外側切口入路各1例(0.8%)。涉及VATS手術共計110例,其中側臥位98例,側俯臥位12例。有2例為啞鈴型腫瘤,其中1例女性患者(16歲)因發熱咳嗽CT檢查發現右下后縱隔處見9.8 cm×5.0 cm軟組織團塊(圖1),呈分葉狀,邊界清,增強后無明確強化,腫塊周圍骨質無明顯破壞,腫瘤主體位于胸腔,部分深入椎間孔,Ⅰ期VATS手術切除胸腔縱隔內腫瘤。術后病理顯示為節細胞神經瘤(圖2)。12天后行Ⅱ期脊柱旁入路,術中見腫瘤基底與T10~T11椎間孔及肋間神經聯系緊密,切除T10~T11關節突,顯露椎間孔,在肉眼可及范圍切除腫瘤,植入椎弓根螺釘固定,植骨。15個月后取出脊柱內固定。3次手術均預后良好。

圖1 1例女性患者(16歲)術前胸部CTFig 1 Preoperative chest CT of a female patient (16 y)

Separated ganglion cells stained by HE were in fascicular neuro spindle.
女性患者,57歲,增強CT如圖3所示,左后下縱隔占位,緊貼胸主動脈及胸椎邊緣,邊界光整,約6.0 cm×5.5 cm,神經鞘瘤與主動脈外膜關系密切。術中探查見腫塊位于膈肌上方的左后縱隔內,約8 cm×6 cm×4 cm,與主動脈外膜關系密切且向右側壓迫主動脈。自主動脈發出兩支粗短滋養動脈長入腫瘤。于滋養動脈根部緊貼主動脈以10 mm Hem-o-lock夾閉血管后切斷。術后發生夾閉處主動脈狹窄,二次手術剪斷Hem-o-lock,滋養血管回縮形成降主動脈破口,縫合破口,解除阻斷。術后出現腎功能衰竭、貧血、活動性出血,予透析治療后好轉。術后石蠟病理切片HE染色顯示為神經鞘瘤(圖4)。

圖3 1例女性患者(57歲)術前胸部CTFig 3 Preoperative chest CT of a female patient (57 y)
131例患者中完整切除腫瘤130例,1例姑息性切除患者為女性,54歲,腫瘤生長廣泛,CT示后縱隔見約7.5 cm×15 cm形態不規則的團塊影(圖5),增強后病灶不均勻強化,病灶與食管關系密切,與左心房及胃底部胃壁分界不清,部分包繞降主動脈。術中冰凍示間葉組織來源惡性腫瘤,與左下肺、主動脈、食管、下腔靜脈、心包界限不清,通過食管裂孔深入腹腔,無法完整切除,VATS下姑息性切除,術后20天因多臟器衰竭死亡。術后石蠟病理切片HE染色顯示為惡性神經鞘瘤(圖6)。
疾病預后術后隨訪12~95個月,平均隨訪時間53個月,20例失訪,隨訪完成率85%,術后發生切口或胸部疼痛7例,在由腫瘤而非肺部感染、心臟病等其他疾病引起的直接相關癥狀者34例患者中,胸背疼痛不適改善5例,上肢發麻刺痛改善3例,眼瞼下垂、面部無汗、肩胛區酸脹不適、活動后氣促改善各1例,進食梗阻解除1例,咳嗽咳痰、胸悶消失各1 例,血壓恢復正常1 例。1例惡性神經鞘瘤患者手術時已發生廣泛轉移術后20天死亡,1例術后2年半因罹患胰腺癌死亡,1例術后3年因腦梗死亡,1例PENT患者術后復發,轉移至肺、胸膜、縱隔淋巴結、膈肌、肝,3年后死亡,另外1例PENT患者失訪。

A:The upper right corner shows schwann tumor cells and the left bottom corner shows specific lymphocyte sheath of schwanomas (HE,40×);B:Spindle tumor cells arranged in fascicular structure,which showed Antoni A zone and Antoni B zone with mucoid degerenation (HE,100×).

圖5 1例女性患者(54歲)術前胸部CTFig 5 Preoperative chest CT of a female patient (54 y)

Rich tumor cells presented fishbone like structure or arranged in whorled and storiform patternwith cell atypia(HE staining,40×).
縱隔神經源性腫瘤包括神經鞘源性腫瘤、自主神經節源腫瘤、自主神經副神經節細胞瘤和周圍神經外胚葉瘤,發生于后縱隔者約占90%~95%[6-7],本組只有1例位于前縱隔,其他均位于后縱隔,除惡性神經鞘瘤、神經母細胞瘤、PENT為惡性腫瘤外其他均為良性腫瘤,惡性多見于兒童和老年患者[8]。常缺乏特異性臨床表現,多于體檢時發現(本組72例中占55.0%)。本組中25例患者因感冒、肺部感染、心臟病等其他疾病進行影像檢查時偶然發現神經源性腫瘤,占19%,由神經源性腫瘤直接引起非特異癥狀者34例,僅占26%。腫瘤較小時一般無癥狀,腫瘤較大或者毗鄰重要器官神經血管等可表現為壓迫癥狀如胸背疼痛、霍納氏綜合癥、上肢麻木刺痛、肩胛區酸脹不適,即使良性腫瘤也會出現咯血甚至大量血胸[4,9]。嗜鉻性副神經節細胞瘤可引起兒茶酚胺增多癥,本組1例患者表現為血壓升高。腫瘤如生長于椎間孔可出現脊髓壓迫癥狀。診斷主要依靠CT和MRI檢查,對腫瘤的位置和形態學變化可清晰顯示。CT下良性神經源性腫瘤通常邊緣光整,分界清晰,腫瘤長期壓迫可造成瘤體周圍骨質改變,如肋間隙增寬、椎體和肋骨后端出現壓跡或破壞,壓迫氣管可出現氣管縮窄,壓迫食管可出現食管突然扭曲,如出現椎間孔擴大應加做MRI以明確是否為啞鈴型腫瘤。
在封閉的胸腔中有很多重要器官和組織結構,即使良性縱隔腫瘤也會引起嚴重的癥狀[10],縱隔神經源性腫瘤有繼續生長增大趨勢,壓迫周圍血管、神經、食管、氣管等組織,生長于椎管內的腫瘤通常會壓迫脊髓,良性神經源性腫瘤有潛在惡變可能性[11]。因為穿刺困難,術前難以獲得病理診斷,無論患者有無癥狀或者腫瘤良惡性,一經診斷通常手術切除,術中快速冰凍可以提示腫瘤類型和良惡性,根據腫瘤大小、部位、是否粘連、是否侵入椎管選擇VATS或開放性手術,惡性神經鞘瘤對放化療不敏感[4],但PENT經放化療后體積可縮小已被證明是安全有效的方法[12]。1992年,Landreneau等[13]首次報道使用胸腔鏡切除縱隔神經鞘瘤,近年來VATS手術應用越來越多,具有創傷小、暴露清晰、預后快等優點[14-17],但是應做好VATS中轉開胸的準備[18]。Daiko等[19]首次報道VATS下俯臥位行縱隔腫瘤切除術,俯臥位下無需助手牽拉心肺臟器,可自然下垂,可以很好的暴露后縱隔,少量出血會積聚在胸腔下方,不會使手術野模糊。但是俯臥位下如果發生大出血或者腫瘤無法腔鏡下切除等原因需要中轉開胸則必須再次更換手術體位,因此我們多采用側俯臥位,以便在緊急情況下中轉開胸。對于大多數惡性腫瘤、胸腔鏡無法達到的特殊部位及腫瘤體積過大或者粘連嚴重者應選擇開放性手術。大多數神經源性腫瘤有包膜,出現粘連或與血管關系密切應提防大出血。啞鈴型神經源性腫瘤的手術處理比較棘手,術前應明確檢查,否則切除胸腔內腫瘤時易造成椎管內出血壓迫。手術方式多樣,根據兩端腫瘤大小、位置選擇手術入路,通常需要聯合脊柱后入路[14,20-22],對于體積較小的腫瘤采用單一前入路或單一脊柱后入路,如果腫瘤體積較大應聯合前入路和脊柱后入路。本組2例啞鈴型腫瘤根據不同的位置大小選用了不同的手術策略。近年來已有達芬奇手術應用于縱隔神經源性腫瘤的安全性、可行性報道[23-24],但是價格昂貴,且需要更大群體的研究和更長時間的隨訪驗證。
綜上所述,神經源性腫瘤是縱隔腫瘤中最常見的腫瘤,病理類型多樣,在成人中最多見的是良性神經鞘瘤,其次為神經節細胞瘤,其他類型較為罕見;良性居多,多無特異性臨床癥狀,大多為體檢發現;診斷主要依靠術前CT和MRI,一般位于后縱隔,位置及與周圍臟器毗鄰關系多變,需要根據術前影像結合術中解剖制定個體化手術策略。良性腫瘤預后很好,惡性腫瘤預后較差。
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Clinical experience of primary neurogenic tumors in mediastinum with surgical treatment in 131 cases
FANG Shuo1, ZHAN Cheng1, ZHANG Yi1, YAO Guang-yu1, XIE Xiao-feng2, ZHANG Yong-xing1△, FAN Hong1
(1DepartmentofThoracicSurgery,2DepartmentofPathology,ZhongshanHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai200032,China)
Objective To analyze the clinical features,methods of treatment and prognosis of primary neurogenic tumors of mediastinum in patients taking surgical intervention. Methods A database was maintained retrospectively of all patients undergoing surgery for tumor and pathologically diagnosed with primary neurogenic tumors of mediastinum,managed in the Department of Thoracic Surgery,Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai between Jan.,2008 and Dec.,2014.This work analyzed retrospectively the information about clinical and imaging features,surgical techniques and outcome extracted from medical records. Results Among the 131 cases,78 cases (59.5%) were males,53 cases (40.5%) were females;72 cases were diagnosed incidentally (55.0%),while the other 59 cases (45.0%) suffered from different symptoms.The posterior mediastinum was the most principal location with 61 cases in the left and 69 cases in the right,and 1 case remained in the anterior mediastinum.Total 98 cases (74.8%) underwent surgeries via video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS),5 cases (3.8%) took VATS surgery with small incision,and 28 cases (21.4%) experienced open thoracotomy,with no mortality during perioperative period.Gross total resection was obtained in 130 patients (99.2%).The remaining patient underwent a palliative resection for malignant schwannomas.Of the patients,98 cases had benign schwannomas (74.8%),24 cases had gangliocytomas (18.3%),2 cases had malignant schwannomas (1.5%),2 cases had neurofibromas (1.5%),2 cases had paragangliomas (1.5%),2 cases hadprimitive neurotodermal tumor (PNET) (1.5%) and 1 case had neuroblastomas (0.8%).All patients were followed up from 12 to 95 months with an average of 53 months.A patient with PNET died of tumor metastasis,a patient with malignant schwannomas died after palliative ectomy,and 2 cases died of other reasons.The rest survived until Jan., 2016 with tumor free. Conclusions Nearly no specific clinical symptoms occur in neurogenic tumors of mediastinum.Most of neurogenic tumors of mediastinum are benign with optimistic prognosis after surgical treatment.While malignant neurogenic tumorsusually come with poor prognosis,which places special emphasis on early diagnose together with surgical treatment.
mediastinal neoplasms; neurogenic tumors; clinical characteristics; surgical treatment; prognosis
國家自然科學基金(81401875)
R734.5
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2017.02.012
2016-05-25;編輯:段佳)
△Corresponding author E-mail:zhang.yongxing@zs-hospital.sh.cn
* This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81401875).