閱讀理解中信息定位的八個技巧

劉璐

我們知道，任何一道閱讀題，無論深淺難易，在文中一定能找到依據。解題時，找到依據在文中出現的位置，叫信息定位。考生如能準確定位，正確選項會較為明顯，其余選項也幾乎不構成干擾，因此，又快又準地進行信息定位非常重要。以下是筆者總結的八個定位技巧。

一、用專有名詞定位

因人名、地名、組織機構名等專有名詞，首字通常要大寫，在文中很容易辨認出來，因此，可利用專有名詞在文中迅速定位。如：

[例1]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

22. When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra？

A. February. B. May. C. August. D. November.

解題過程：用題干中的專有名詞Chamber Orchestra定位，在文中找到下列段落：

Chamber Orchestra： The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street， which offers several concerts from March through June. Call 723-1182 for more information. http：www.chamberoch.com.

又因本題是問時間，具體依據為which offers several concerts from March through June；比較各選項，只有選項B符合from March through June，故選B。

二、用主題名詞定位

就是用題干中能體現該句主題或中心的名詞作為定位詞，在文中迅速定位。

[例2]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？

A. Two strangers joined her.

B. Her childhood friends came in.

C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.

D. Some people held a party there.

解題過程：本題問Welty和朋友在café餐館里發生了什么。我們用café作為定位詞，在文中找到下列段落：

On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes， another customer was approaching their table.

“Hey， arent you from Mississippi？”the elegant， white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “Im from Mississippi too.”

Without a second thought， the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.

“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didnt know what my New York friends were thinking.”

Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave， it was pouring outside. Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel， her big city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion（團聚）.

順著café往下讀，然后對比各選項，可知A項正確。B項和D項無中生有，C項“大雨搞砸了晚餐”與文中By the time the group got up to leave， it was pouring outside.（吃完飯起身要離開時，外面下著大雨）不符。

三、用主題動詞定位

就是用題干中能體現該句主題或中心的動詞作為定位詞，在文中迅速定位。

[例3]2014年全國Ⅱ卷

15. Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro？

A. 202-962-1195 B. 202-962-1100

C. 202-637-7000 D. 202-637-8000

解題過程：本題問如果你在地鐵丟失了東西應撥打哪個號碼，能體現本句中心思想的應是“丟失”東西，故用lose作為定位詞，在文中找到：

If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station， please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.

將202-962-1195對比各選項，只有選項A正確。

四、用生詞難詞定位

就是用題干中出現的生詞、難詞、長詞等作為定位詞，在文中迅速定位。

[例4]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

29. What can we learn about Decio？

A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.

C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.

解題過程：題干中Decio這個詞是我們不認識的生詞（其實也是主題名詞、也是大寫開頭的專有名詞），可以將其作為定位詞，在文中找到：

To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye-opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesnt taste of anything special， its still worth a try...

理解該句“能看到大量經典品種的蘋果依然存在，如羅馬人曾種植的Decio，確實令人大開眼界”，“依然存在”說明“現在極少見到了”，對比各選項，只有選項C正確。

五、用縮略詞定位

因縮略詞通常是以大寫字母的形式出現，在文中很容易辨認，如果題干中出現了縮略詞，我們可將其作為定位詞，在文中迅速定位。

[例5]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

23. Where can students go for free performances with their ID cards？

A. Music Hall. B. Memorial Hall.

C. Patricia Cobbett Theater. D. Riverbend Music Theater.

解題過程：用題干中的縮略詞ID（是identification或identity的縮略詞）作為定位詞，在文中迅速找到：

College Conservatory of Music（CCM）： Performances are on the main campus（校園）of the university， usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater.... Students with ID cards can attend the events for free.

對比各選項，只有選項C正確。

六、用時間數字定位

因表示時間的詞或是阿拉伯數字在文中極易辨認，如果題干中出現了表示時間的詞或數字，可將其作為定位詞。

[例6]2016年全國Ⅰ卷

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？

A. They were unsure of raise more children.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They had little respect for their grandparents.

解題過程：用題干中的1960作為定位詞，在文中找到：

“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，”says Christine Crosby， publisher of Grate magazine for grandparents.

理解句意“在20世紀60年代，我們都有點輕狂，想離家越遠越好，越快越好，來證明我們自己能獨立。”對比各選項，只有選項C正確。

七、用特殊符號定位

若題干中有帶引號或連字符號的詞，可將其作為定位詞。

[例7]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Bergers research？

A. Sports news. B. Science articles.

C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews.

解題過程：用題干中的most e-mailed作為定位詞，在文中找到：

He and a Penn colleague analyzed the“most e-mailed”list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles.

理解句意“Berger和他的同事們分析了六個月里被讀者通過郵件發送分享最多的文章，發現之一是科學版塊的文章遠比非科學版塊的文章更容易進入此列。”對比各選項，只有選項B正確。

八、用命題順序定位

所謂命題順序是指命題人會根據文章中信息出現的先后依次命制各個小題。因此，在同一篇文章下面的各個小題，其答題信息點會在文中從上到下或從前到后依次出現。

[例8]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？

26. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Weltys ________.

27. What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction？

A. They live in big cities.

B. They are mostly women.

C. They come from real life.

D. They are pleasure seekers.

解題過程：第27題排在三個小題的末尾，其在文中對應的信息也很可能在文章的最后段落：

On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner...

…

Beauticians， bartenders， piano players and people with purple hats， Weltys people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends， from walks through the streets of her native Jackson， Miss.， from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that， at 78， her left ear has now given out. Sometimes， sitting on a bus or a train， she hears only a fragment（片斷）of a particularly interesting story.

根據最后一段中的Weltys people come from...from...from...可知，Welty的小說中的人物都來自現實生活，故選C。

[例9]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to？

A. News reports. B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.

33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer？

34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Bergers research？

35. What can be a suitable title for the text？

解題過程：第32題排在四個小題的最前面，其在文中出現的對應信息點也應在文中最先出現。本文有四個自然段，四個小題，有可能是一段一題，排在第一題的第32題的答題信息就很可能會出現在第一自然段，這是用命題順序定位。同時也可用主題名詞the classic rules定位。同樣在第一段中找到：

Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （監控） in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules.

理解句意“壞消息最好賣，流血事件會成頭條，好消息不算消息，這些是傳統的規則適用于晚間廣播和早報。”本題問傳統規則適用于什么，顯然只有選項A“新聞報道”正確。News reports是對the evening broadcasts and the morning papers的概括。

順便說說，“根據上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義”這類題通常在題干中寫明在哪一段，且在文中也會用下畫線標明，就無需再定位了。

[例10]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

30. What does the underlined phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean？

A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.

C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.

解題過程：題干中已明確告知在第3段了，直接到第三段找到：

There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette， but youll need a warm， sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it， so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

在文中也用下畫線標明了。理解句意“還有許多品種是為適合當地具體條件而培育出來的。味道最好的品種之一就是Orleans Reinette，但是它需要有溫暖、隱蔽的環境，且在良好的土壤中才可種植，因此，對大多數喜愛它的蘋果愛好者來說，它只不過是a pipe dream。”不難推斷是“白日夢”，故選B。

此外，寫作目的題和主旨大意題，通常排在該篇文章中幾個小題的最后，其信息點可能出現在首段或尾段，或首尾段都有，特別是首尾段的首尾句。

[例11]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

35. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide

B. Online News Attracts More People

C. Reading Habits Change with the Times

D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks

解題過程：本題要求考生給文章選適合的標題，屬主旨題，一般說來應在首、尾段：

Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored（監控）in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts， scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

…

Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny， or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety， but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused （激發）one way or the other， and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article， the more likely it was to be shared， as Dr. Berger explains in his new book，“Contagious： Why Things Catch On.”

由首段末句和尾段末句可知，“在社交網上好消息勝于壞消息”，故選D。

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