蔡維敏,陳婷婷,魏 英,符克英
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·論著·
腎癌術后患者5-氟尿嘧啶血藥濃度與腎功能及毒副作用的相關性研究
蔡維敏1*,陳婷婷1,魏 英1,符克英2
目的 探討腎癌術后患者5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)血藥濃度與腎功能、毒副作用的關系,為實施個體化治療提供依據。方法 選取2013年8月—2016年2月在海南省人民醫院泌尿外科行腎癌根治性切除術患者92例為研究對象,均給予基于5-FU的綜合化療,共4個療程。檢測化療后5-FU血藥濃度與腎功能指標尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平,采用WHO毒性分級標準評價骨髓抑制、胃腸道反應、手足綜合征、口腔黏膜炎等毒副作用的嚴重程度。根據5-FU血藥濃度,將患者分為<300.0 μg/L組(42例)和≥300.0 μg/L組(50例)。結果 92例患者5-FU血藥濃度為179.2~1 589.6 μg/L,平均(569.5±29.5)μg/L。≥300.0 μg/L組血清BUN、Cr水平均高于<300.0 μg/L組,骨髓抑制、胃腸道反應、手足綜合征、口腔黏膜炎等毒副作用嚴重程度均高于<300.0 μg/L組(P<0.05)。5-FU血藥濃度與BUN、Cr水平呈正相關(r=0.413,P=0.008;r=0.398,P=0.010)。結論 腎癌術后患者5-FU血藥濃度變異性較大,5-FU血藥濃度過高可導致腎功能異常,加重毒副作用,臨床可通過監測5-FU血藥濃度為實施個體化治療提供依據。
腎腫瘤;氟尿嘧啶;血藥濃度;腎功能;藥物毒性
蔡維敏,陳婷婷,魏英,等.腎癌術后患者5-氟尿嘧啶血藥濃度與腎功能及毒副作用的相關性研究[J].中國全科醫學,2017,20(23):2858-2861.[www.chinagp.net]
CAI W M,CHEN T T,WEI Y,et al.Correlation of plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil with renal function and adverse effects of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in patients with radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(23):2858-2861.
腎癌是泌尿系統常見的惡性腫瘤之一,約占成年人惡性腫瘤的3.0%。手術結合術后化療為腎癌的主要治療方法,但由于腎癌的惡性程度較高,部分患者對化療不太敏感[1-2]。5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)持續靜脈滴注是腎癌的常用化療方法,進入人體內的5-FU主要由肝臟代謝,其中80%~85%由肝臟二氫嘧啶脫氫酶(DPD)將5-FU降解為二氫氟尿嘧啶[3-4]。DPD是5-FU代謝的關鍵性限速酶,與5-FU化療時的毒副作用有密切關系,對預后與腎功能也有明顯影響[5-6]。相關研究表明,5-FU的治療窗窄,血藥濃度偏高易引起各種毒副作用,血藥濃度偏低則不會產生相應的化療效果[7-8]。并且,由于存在個體差異,同樣的劑量可能產生不同的治療效果和毒副作用[9]。本研究通過對5-FU血藥濃度的檢測,結合腎功能、化療療效及毒副作用的分析,探討腎癌術后患者化療血藥濃度與腎功能的相關性,為臨床合理用藥提供依據。
1.1 研究對象 選取2013年8月—2016年2月在海南省人民醫院泌尿外科行腎癌根治性切除術患者92例為研究對象,其中男52例,女40例;年齡21~78歲,平均年齡(65.2±3.2)歲;體質指數(22.1±2.2)kg/m2;腫瘤直徑(3.4±0.4)cm;腫瘤類型為透明細胞癌62例,顆粒細胞癌17例,混合細胞癌13例;臨床分期為Ⅰ期40例,Ⅱ期30例,Ⅲ期22例。納入標準:經組織病理學或細胞學檢查確診為腎癌;化療前血常規無異常;年齡18~80歲;預計生存期≥3個月;既往4周內未接受化療、放療或其他手術;無其他不能耐受本研究的軀體或心理疾病;CT掃描無腦轉移;對本研究知情同意。本研究得到海南省人民醫院醫學倫理委員會批準。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 化療 患者均給予基于5-FU的綜合化療,紫杉醇(江蘇恒瑞醫藥股份有限公司)75 mg/m2靜脈滴注3 h;亞葉酸(江蘇恒瑞醫藥股份有限公司)200 mg/m2靜脈滴注2 h;5-FU(上海旭東海普藥業有限公司)375 mg/m2靜脈注射;5-FU 2.5 g/m2靜脈滴注46 h。每2周重復1次,2次/療程,治療觀察4個療程。
1.2.2 實驗室測定 在治療后當日進行5-FU血藥濃度的測定,抽取患者空腹靜脈血,4 ℃條件下以3 000 r/min離心10 min,分離取上層血漿放置于-80 ℃冰箱待測。在色譜分析中,流動相用0.01 mol/L緩沖液KH2PO2H3PO(pH為3.0),流速1 ml/min,溫度37 ℃,對照物為標準5-FU,采用Agilent色譜儀(美國ABBOTT公司),在波長為270 nm處測定5-FU濃度[4]。采用AU2700型全自動生化分析儀(日本奧林巴斯公司)檢測尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平。
1.2.3 毒副作用評價 化療結束后,采用WHO毒性分級標準評價毒副作用,主要包括骨髓抑制、胃腸道反應、手足綜合征、口腔黏膜炎等,根據嚴重程度分為Ⅰ~Ⅳ級[6]。


2.2 腎功能指標比較 ≥300.0 μg/L組血清BUN、Cr水平均高于<300.0 μg/L組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
2.3 毒副作用 ≥300.0 μg/L組骨髓抑制、胃腸道反應、手足綜合征、口腔黏膜炎等毒副作用嚴重程度均高于<300.0 μg/L組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表2)。

Table 1 Comparison of levels of renal function markers between the two groups

組別例數BUN(mmol/L)Cr(μmol/L)<300.0μg/L組42 5.1±2.9 60.8±18.7 ≥300.0μg/L組5015.2±3.1156.4±21.8t值16.11622.351P值<0.001<0.001
注:BUN=尿素氮,Cr=肌酐

表2 兩組毒副作用嚴重程度比較〔n(%)〕
2.4 相關性分析 Pearson相關分析顯示,5-FU血藥濃度與BUN、Cr水平呈正相關(r=0.413,P=0.008;r=0.398,P=0.010)。
腎癌是泌尿系統常見的惡性腫瘤之一,全世界每年死于腎癌近10萬例,而我國腎癌發病率僅次于膀胱癌,居泌尿系腫瘤第二位[10]。手術為腎癌的主要治療方法,但需要在術后配合合理的化療。5-FU是腎癌化療的常用藥,化療后的毒副作用和療效個體差異較大,有時會出現致命的毒性,為此需進行化療藥物血藥分析,尋找到最佳劑量以達到最好的效果[11]。
5-FU在體內的代謝過程受多種因素影響,其中最重要的影響因素為DPD,DPD可將80%的5-FU轉化為二氫氟尿嘧啶排出體外,減少5-FU在體內的蓄積,而5-FU的轉化與患者性別、年齡、腫瘤分期、病理類型、腫瘤部位有一定的相關性,具有生理節律性[12-13]。本研究顯示,92例腎癌患者5-FU血藥濃度變異較大(179.2~1 589.6 μg/L),平均(569.5±29.5)μg/L。根據患者5-FU血藥濃度變化規律可及時調整5-FU的用藥劑量及給藥間隔,對減輕5-FU的毒副作用,提高患者的生存質量有重要意義。
腎癌的發病機制涉及神經內分泌的激活、氧化應激、炎性因子異常表達、血流動力學異常等,最終可導致腎功能不全,影響腎功能[14]。并且,腎癌也可致腎組織結構損壞,腎單位減少,導致腎功能下降[15]。而5-FU靜脈給藥后其血漿清除t1/2為6~20 min,5-FU持續靜脈滴注可使藥物更長時間地作用于S期細胞,也能增加藥物的劑量強度[16-17]。本研究顯示,5-FU血藥濃度≥300.0 μg/L組血清BUN、Cr水平均高于<300.0 μg/L組;Pearson相關分析顯示,5-FU血藥濃度與BUN、Cr水平呈正相關。表明5-FU血藥濃度過高可導致有效腎單位的減少及腎功能的減退,應根據患者腎功能指標的變化及時調整5-FU劑量。
5-FU是當前常用的化療藥物之一,其用法有多種,毒副作用也各不相同[18]。相關研究表明,腎癌患者對以5-FU持續靜脈滴注的化療方案毒副作用有明顯的個體差異;即使是同一患者在不同療程毒副作用的嚴重程度也不盡相同[19]。目前臨床多是通過檢測5-FU血藥濃度來控制毒副作用的發生[20-21]。本研究顯示,5-FU血藥濃度≥300.0 μg/L組骨髓抑制、胃腸道反應、手足綜合征、口腔黏膜炎等毒副作用嚴重程度均高于<300.0 μg/L組。表明腎癌患者可通過檢測5-FU血藥濃度,使5-FU穩態血藥濃度維持在一定的水平以預防毒副作用。
綜上所述,腎癌術后患者5-FU血藥濃度變異性較大,5-FU血藥濃度過高可導致腎功能異常,加重毒副作用,臨床可通過監測5-FU血藥濃度為實施個體化治療提供依據。本研究尚存在一定的局限性,如樣本量相對較小,未動態監測5-FU血藥濃度,未來需更加完善相關數據收集過程,進一步分析5-FU血藥濃度與腎癌術后患者腎功能及毒副作用的關系。
作者貢獻:蔡維敏進行文章的構思與設計、研究的實施與可行性分析、統計學處理、結果的分析與解釋、撰寫論文,對文章整體負責,并監督管理;陳婷婷、魏英進行數據收集、整理;符克英進行論文的修訂,負責文章的質量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:吳立波)
Correlation of Plasma Concentration of 5-fluorouracil with Renal Function and Adverse Effects of 5-fluorouracil-based Chemotherapy in Patients with Radical Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma
CAIWei-min1*,CHENTing-ting1,WEIYing1,FUKe-ying2
1.UrologicSurgery,HainanGeneralHospital,Haikou570311,China2.CentralLaboratory,HainanGeneralHospital,Haikou570311,China
*Correspondingauthor:CAIWei-min,Nurse-in-charge;E-mail:caiweimin38@163.com
Objective To investigate the correlation of plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) with renal function and adverse effects of 5-FU-based chemotherapy in patients with radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma,so as to provide a reference for developing individualized treatment for these patients.Methods We enrolled 92 consecutive cases of renal cell carcinoma who
radical surgery and four cycles of 5-FU-based comprehensive chemotherapy from August 2013 to February 2016.The measurement of plasma concentration of 5-FU and levels of renal function markers,such as BUN and Cr was performed after the chemotherapy.Patients who had plasma concentration of 5-FU <300.0 μg/L and ≥300.0 μg/L were assigned to <300.0 μg/L group(n=42) and ≥300.0 μg/L(n=50) group,respectively.The WHO Toxicity Grading Scale for Determining the Severity of Adverse Events was used to assess the severity of adverse effects of the chemotherapy,such as myelosuppression,gastrointestinal reactions,hand-foot syndrome,and oral mucositis.Results The plasma concentration of 5-FU in all the participants ranged from 179.2 μg/L to 1 589.6 μg/L,averaged (569.5±29.5)μg/L.Compared with those in the <300.0 μg/L group,patients in the ≥300.0 μg/L group had much higher levels of serum BUN and Cr,and they were more serious on myelosuppression,gastrointestinal reactions,hand-foot syndrome,and oral mucositis(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the BUN and Cr levels increased with the plasma concentration of 5-FU(r=0.413,P=0.008;r=0.398,P=0.010).Conclusion The plasma concentration of 5-FU varies greatly in patients with radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma receiving 5-FU-based chemotherapy.Excessive high plasma concentration of 5-FU can lead to abnormal renal function and aggravate the adverse effects of the chemotherapy.Therefore,the plasma concentration of 5-FU can be used as a reference for developing individualized treatment for such patients.
Kidney neoplasms;Fluorouracil;Plasma concentration;Kidney function;Drug toxicity
2012年度海南省衛生廳醫學科研項目(瓊衛2012PT-16)
R 737.11
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.23.011
2016-12-14;
2017-06-09)
1.570311海南省海口市,海南省人民醫院泌尿外科 2.570311海南省海口市,海南省人民醫院中心實驗室
*通信作者:蔡維敏,主管護師;E-mail:caiweimin38@163.com