判斷謂語動詞時態的五條依據

袁瀟霞

謂語動詞的時態是語法填空和短語改錯的必考點，也是考生學習的重點和難點。時態之所以重要，是因為有句子的地方就有謂語動詞，凡謂語動詞必涉及時態，即每句必有時態，正所謂“與‘時‘句進”。時態本身是千變萬化的，可謂一“時”激起千層浪。因此，在平時閱讀時要特別留意理解。本文給考生介紹五種判斷用哪種時態的方法。

一、根據時間狀語

常與一般現在時連用的有always， usually， often， sometimes， every day， once a week等；常與一般過去時連用的有last month， a few days ago， last week，yesterday， just now， the other day， in 1978， then等；常與一般將來時連用的有tomorrow， next week， in a few days， in the future， soon等；常與現在完成時連用的有up to now， until now， in the past / last few years， so far， for three years， since 1980等。請做以下改錯題：

1. Last month， Emma Stone is announced as the 2017 Oscar Winner for Actress at the 89th Academy Awards.

[解析]由時間狀語Last month可知用一般過去時，故將is改為was。

2. Today it was much easier to be healthy than it was in the past.

[解析]由時間狀語Today可知用一般現在時，故改much 前的was為is。

3. Im very pleased to say that all of us improved our spoken English so far.

[解析]由時間狀語so far（到目前為止）可知賓語從句應該用現在完成時，故在improved前加一個have。

4. This big event would be held in the school auditorium next week.

[解析]由時間狀語next week可知該用一般將來時，故把would改為will。

二、根據時態呼應

如出現狀語從句、賓語從句、虛擬語氣等，要特別注意主從句時態的呼應。在以when， till/ until， as soon as， by the time， after， before等引導的時間狀語從句，在以if， unless， once等引導的條件狀語從句和以no matter， however， even if 等詞引導的讓步狀語從句中，如果主句中的動詞用一般將來時，從句中的謂語動詞通常用一般現在時或現在完成時代替一般將來時或將來完成時。請做以下改錯題：

1. I will call you as soon as they will arrive.

[解析]主句是一般將來時，as soon as引導的時間狀語從句應用一般現在時，故把第二個will去掉。

2. If I have taken your advice， I would have passed the driving test.

[解析]If 從句是表示與過去事實相反的假設，應當用過去完成時，故把have改為had。

3. What a pity！ The film started by the time we got to the cinema.

[解析]根據題意可知電影的開始是在我到達電影院之前就開始了，即過去的過去，start應用過去完成時，故在started前加had。

4. Last month， I thought that it will be hard to spend a whole week staying away from school and home.

[解析]由時間狀語last month和主句謂語動詞thought可知that引導的賓語從句應該用過去時，所以把will改為would。

注意：從句里講述的是不受時間限制的事實或普遍真理時用一般現在時。如：

I learned that the earth went around the sun when I was a little boy.

[解析]因地球繞著太陽跑是客觀事實，所以用一般現在時，故went改為goes。

三、根據并列一致

并列連詞and， or， but， so， not...but， not only...but also等是改錯題中很重要的標志詞，這些詞前后的時態應該是一致的。請做以下改錯題：

1. We can lie on the grass for a rest， or sat by the lake listening to music.

[解析]因為or前后的時態應該是一致的，or前面謂語動詞lie用的是原形（因前有can），故與之并列的sat應改為sit。

2. At present， not only do they affect their own study， but also they did harm to others.

[解析]not only...but also引導的并列句前后的時態要一致，由At present（目前，現在）可知，都應用一般現在時，故把did改為do。endprint

3. I was a school student then from a low-income family， so I have to work to support my family.

[解析]so前后兩句的時態應該保持一致，由then可知用一般過去時，故把have改為had。

4. Last year there was a piano competition for teenagers in my city and I take part in it.

[解析]and的前后句的時態應該保持一致，由last year可知，把take改為took。

四、根據固定句式

涉及時態的幾個常見句型：

（1）Its（high / about）time（that）sb. did sth./should do sth 到了該做某事的時候了。（注意should不可省略）

（2）It / This is / was the first / second ... time that sb. have /has / had done sth這是某人第幾次做某事。

（3）It is / has been + some time + since sb. did sth 自從 / 某人做了某事以來，已有多久了。

（4）It will be / was + some time + before sb. do / does /did... 過多久某人才做某事。

（5）It was not long before sb. did sth. 不久以后，某人就做某事了。

（6）Hardly had ... done sth when ... /No sooner had ... done sth than ... 一做某事就……

（7）was / were doing sth when ... did sth正在做某事時，突然又發生另一事。

請做以下改錯題：

1. Its high time that we settle down and started a new life.

[解析]在表示“到了該做某事的時候了”這一句型中，that從句謂語動詞用一般過去時或should加動詞原形，又由and后的started可知，應把settle改為settled。

2. It is the third time that he made the same mistake.

[解析]在表示“某人第幾次做某事”這一固定句型中，that從句的謂語動詞應用完成時，故在made前加has。

3. It had been 4 years since we met last time.

[解析]根據It is / has been + some time + since sb. did sth句型可知，應把had改為has。指自上次見面以來到現在已經有四年了。

4. It would be 4 years before we meet again.

[解析]表示“過四年后我們才能見面”，應是一般將來時，把would改為will。

五、根據語境判斷

從語篇和上下文整體把握時態。主要是看是否與上下文的時態一致，這是短文改錯和語法填空考查的重點。請做以下語法填空題：

The TV series Life After Life， Blooms Over Blooms（三生三世，十里桃花）1._________ （become）a hit since it was shown on TV. Yang Mi not only won great fame but also 2. _________ （get）an extraordinary wealth.

It is reported that Liu Yifei co-stars Yang Yang in the film version， which 3.___________（release）in the summer holiday this year.

[答案]1.has become 2.got 3.will be released

責任編輯 蔣小青endprint