玻璃鋼宅，南京，中國

玻璃鋼宅，南京，中國

FRP House, Nanjing, China, 2017

評論

葛明：南京佛手湖邊的玻璃鋼宅是張永和教授的又一個“小”的作品，同時體現了他的“唯物主義建筑”態度。

我曾在評述張永和老師的 《大/小》 一文中提到：當代中國建筑需要面對現代性命題，而所謂的“小”與“大”相比并不只是尺度上的變化，而是對當代建筑現代性問題的一條深入的途徑。

玻璃鋼宅具有一些基本特點：結構體、材料、復制，還有一個是吸收——被自然吸收或者是吸收自然。這些特點都可以來同時思考“小”與“大”的問題。

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張永和老師作品中“小”的起點是什么？在我看來，是他在不斷發展的“結構體”，這也是他一直致力于建筑學中智性成分和建筑基本問題結合的方式之一。此外，他還重點思考如何使這一結構體更恰當地作為建筑呈現，進入具體的環境和語境。

所謂“結構體”介于建筑/非建筑之間，有自己的建造和設計邏輯，承擔了部分制圖和模型推敲設計的作用，是設計中的設計。張永和老師的結構體常常是基于現實的建筑和概念之間的一個中介，同時他又試圖使這個結構體與建筑之間的聯系更為緊密，而并不只是讓結構體和概念之間的關系更緊密。他的很多設計，包括垂直玻璃宅、山語間、二分宅、還有安仁橋館，都有結構體的考慮，而且都為結構體設置了特定的進入環境的方式，或有時基于對環境的特定考慮，發展出了特定的結構體。

這種以結構體作為起點的方法本身顯示了對建筑基本問題的重視，因為結構體往往能更集中地體現出建筑基本問題的結合，比如材料、結構、建造的結合問題。當然，對這些基本問題結合的探索有很多方式，但以結構體為起點顯然是一種特別的方式，它特別在意結合基本問題的同時，保持對建筑意義的追詢。

這種結構體的方式往往從“小”開始，便于整合基本問題，但同時又指向意義，所以又可以與“大”保持通道，并通過復制產生更多的機會，也就說結構體問題不止是一時一地的問題，也是應對“大”的一種方式。

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玻璃鋼宅坐落的場地是一個有竹林的坡地，為此，張永和老師試圖探討一種新的建筑和環境之間的關系，他設置了一種特定的結構體——“玻璃體”作為開始。

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討論“玻璃體”，離不開張永和老師念念不忘的密斯·凡·德·羅的范斯沃斯住宅，這一水平的玻璃房子作為處于密林之中的私人住宅，是成立的，可以完全被環境吸收，但張永和老師對這種水平的、被動的吸收不斷進行著反思，并部分體現在了垂直住宅設計之中。

玻璃鋼宅對這一問題的推進方式是以一組垂直向的結構體方式同時呈現建筑和場地。張永和老師曾稱這些結構體為“吊腳樓”形式，這是因為它們的底下架空和垂直支撐形成了一個特別的垂直向的結構體原型。它以垂直布置的密柱形式構成了強烈的與水平方向的對比，而不再是框架結構和玻璃體兩分的范斯沃斯住宅模式。結構體復制為3個單元，各單元利用標高順應地形進行錯層，形成了一種既利于被自然吸收，但又利于吸收自然的方式。

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這種結構體對密柱的要求因此變得更高，因為它們不能再是簡單的結構元素了，為此需要新的嘗試，張永和老師采用了玻璃鋼密柱。玻璃鋼的形式本身，具有一種似乎半隱形的作用，比起鋼材，它特殊的質感和色澤感利于和玻璃形成一個整體。

玻璃鋼當然還有其他優點。它輕便，利于快捷的組裝；它的多項性能與鋼材相當，這些特點，使得玻璃鋼結構建筑自重輕、地基淺，預制構件的運輸能耗低。此外，玻璃鋼外表采用了纖維增強復合材料FRP（Fiber Reinforced Polymer），利于塑造成各種形式，它的低溫低碳的加工過程也使其更節能。

為了實現新的玻璃體，就需要玻璃鋼柱的截面足夠小，為此需要反反復復的研究。張永和老師與南京工業大學的陸偉東教授、萬里博士團隊做了長期的探討，從而使設計過程變成了研發過程。“一方面是材料本身的研發：通過嚴謹的材料受力實驗，總結玻璃鋼的受力規律，找到最佳的材料配比方案；通過專門的技術，開發建筑物的組成件，玻璃鋼加工簡單方便的特點又恰恰支持這樣的研發過程。另一方面是建造體系的研發：相比于混凝土、鋼材，玻璃鋼建筑更適合預制裝配而不是現場制作，節點連接更適合插接灌膠而不是焊接或澆筑。由此，玻璃鋼建筑是一種快速裝配式建筑，建筑形式是建造過程的反應。”

最后整棟建筑用了168根的柱子拼裝起來，這些柱子既與玻璃融合起來，又同時與竹林融合起來，形成了一種特殊的似乎來自環境自身的結構體。

玻璃鋼宅雖然還沒有全部完工，但在水邊已經顯示出了動人的場景：周圍都是密密的竹林，與結構體——玻璃體之間互相吸收，互相反射，形成了一個特殊的交互關系。它采用了一種現代主義意義上的復制形式，但由于加入了對于自然吸收新的理解，最后促使建筑與場地之間產生了一種更有意義的關聯。

Comment

GE Ming:The FRP House situated by Foshou Lake in Nanjing is another "small" work of Yung Ho Chang. It also reflects his materialism attitude on architecture.

As I mentioned in Big/small (a review article on Yung Ho Chang's work), contemporary Chinese architecture needs to face the proposition of modernity. And the so-called "small" and "big" is not just a change in scale, but rather an inherent way to explore the modernity of contemporary architecture.

The FRP House has some basic features: structure,material, the duplicated form, and the absorptive capability (absorbed by nature or absorb the nature).These features can be utilized to study the "small" and"big" problem in architecture.

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What is the starting point of the "small" in Yung Ho Chang's work? In my opinion, it is the "structure"that is continuously developed by him. This is also the method he has committed to all the time - to combine the intellectual elements with the basic architectural problems. In addition, he has focused on how to present this structure more properly as a building into the specif i c environment and context.

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The site of the FRP House is a slope in a bamboo forest. To this end, Chang tries to explore a new relationship between the building and the environment, and he set up a specific structure - fibrer-einforced polymer (FRP), as the beginning.

To discuss FRP, we could not ignore Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House, which is one of Chang's obsessions. As a private house in the jungle, the horizontal glass house is a perfect fit, which can be completely absorbed by the surrounding environment.However, Chang has been reflected continuously on this kind of horizontal and passive absorption. The result can be partly reflected in the vertical residential design.

The FRP House uses a set of vertical structures to respond the building and the site at the same time. Chang has called these structures "Diaojiaolou",because the elevated ground floor and the vertical supporting beam form a special vertical structural prototype. With the densely arranged pillar at the bottom, it creates a strong contrast with the horizontal direction rather than the Farnsworth residential model with a frame structure and the glass. The building is composed of three structural units. Each unit uses the elevation difference of the terrain to form different floors, which is friendly to nature and its surroundings.

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This structure of densely arranged pillars has higher requirements, since they are no longer simple structural elements. Therefore, some new attempt needs to be done. And for this case, Yung Ho Chang tried with the structure of fibre-reinforced polymer(FRP). Compared to steel, the FRP itself, with a seemingly semi-invisible effect, can blend easily with glass because of its special texture and color.

Finally, the whole building is assembled by 168 pillars. These pillars are in harmony with the glass and the bamboo forest, and it seems like they are coming from the environment.

Although the FRP House has not yet been completed, but it has already shown a moving scene by the water: surrounded by dense bamboo forest,the structure and the glass absorb and reflect with each other, forming a special interaction. It uses a modern form of replication, but by adding a new understanding of the natural absorption, it promotes a more meaningful relationship between the building and the site. (Translated by QI Yiyi)

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材料

材料是這個設計的出發點。該項目的基地是一塊臨水的陡峭坡地，我們希望做一個盡可能輕盈著陸的建筑，減少對地形與植被的影響，于是開始了一系列輕型材料及建造體系的試驗，包括數次1∶1的建筑結構單元結構施工與受力實驗，歷時14年。我們漸漸聚焦在玻璃鋼上，一種在其他領域使用廣泛但在建筑上，尤其是建筑結構方面，則嘗試甚少的復合材料。經過數輪試驗，我們最后選擇了水泥芯玻璃鋼作柱、木芯玻璃鋼作樓板，質量分別是鋼的1/2和1/10。同時，玻璃鋼也是可回收材料。

空間

玻璃鋼宅由順陡坡而下的3條兩層的退臺建筑構成，每條建筑之間的高差均為一層，底層全部架空。考慮在基地上靈活布置的可能及觀景和自然通風的需要，3條建筑均設計為4.1m的較淺進深。打散的布局也帶來了自由組合使用的可能性。

使用

居住：可分可合。

合作

玻璃鋼材料的研發工作是由南京工業大學土木學院完成的。

目前階段

主體完工。籌備開始室內及景觀施工。□

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 南京佛手湖建筑藝術發展有限公司/Nanjing Foshou Lake Art Development Co., Ltd.

地點/Location: 南京佛手湖/Foshou Lake, Nanjing, China

建筑設計/Architets: 非常建筑/Atelier FCJZ

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 張永和/Yung Ho Chang

項目團隊/Project Team: 劉魯濱，郭慶民，吳瑕，陳龍，王琳，馮博等/LIU Lubin, GUO Qingmin, WU Xia, CHEN Long, WANG Lin, FENG Bo, et al.

建筑面積/Floor Area: 475m2

結構材料/Structure and Material: 混凝土芯玻璃鋼結構/Concrete core fi bre-reinforced polymer (FRP)

設計時間/Design Period: 2003-至今/2003-Present

預計竣工時間/Estimated Completion Time: 2017

攝影/Photos: 非常建筑/Atelier FCJZ

Materials

Material was the starting point of this design.This project is located on a steep hillside on the waterfront. We hoped to make a building that would be as lightweight as possible in order to reduce its impact on the terrain and vegetation.Thus, we began a series of experiments on light materials and construction systems, including several full-scale mock-ups of a section of the entire building to conduct loading tests, over a period of 14 years. We gradually focused on fibrereinforced polymer (FRP), a type of composite material widely used in other fields, but rarely in buildings as structural components. After yet several rounds of tests, we finally decided on cement-core FRP as columns and wood-core FRP as floor slabs. These two materials weight 1/2 and 1/10 of steel, respectively. In addition, FRP is recyclable.

Space

The FRP House is composed of three elevated two-story bar buildings, parallel to the slope of the hillside. The height difference between each building is one story. In consideration of flexible siting, as well needs for views and natural ventilation, all three buildings are designed with a relatively shallow depth of 4.1 m. Additionally, the dispersed building layout allows re-groupings of programs.

Program

Residence, with possibilities to be divided or combined.

Cooperation

Research and development of FRP was completed by the College of Civil Engineering,Nanjing Technology University,

Current Phase

The construction of the main structure is completed and preparation is under way for interior and landscape work.□

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