被動語態（the passive voice）

結構：助動詞be（am，is，are，was，were，has＼have＼had been）+及物動詞的過去分詞。不及物動詞需借助相應的介詞才有被動態。（It was happened.×）。①The book was taken good care of.②She was made fun of.

一、被動態只是用于有賓語的句型：SVO、SvoO、SVOC

（1）SVO：He writes novels.→Novels are written （by him）。He is writing a novel.→A novel is being written. （by him）；He wrote to me.→I was written to. （by him）；He has written a novel.→A novel has been written.（by him）；He had written novels.→Novels had been written.（by him）。by的省略：不知或不必提及動作者是誰；主動句中主語是people，we，you，somebody等含糊，籠統或泛指對象。He was wounded in the war.The house was burnt down.The letter was written in English. People＼They speak English in Canada.→English is spoken in Canada.

（2）SVoO：He gave me a book.→I was given a book.＼A book was given to me.多以”直賓|物”作主語的動詞：bring，do，make，write，pass，sell，send，sing，telegraph She is making me a meal.He sent us a letter.→A meal is being made for me.（不習慣I am being made a meal）→A letter was sent to us.（不習慣We were sent a letter）多以”間賓|人”作主語的動詞：ask，answer，refuse，spare， save--He answered me the question.→I was answered the question.

（3）SVOC：I told him to come again.→He was told to come again.Her parents will name her Tony.→She will be named Tony.We were making him king.→He was being made king.賓補是不帶to的不定式，變被動時都要to （hear，notice，watch）he didn’t see us go in.→We weren’t seen to go in.They made her run.→She was made to run.He let us go.→We were let（to）go.＼We were allowed＼ permitted to go.

二、find的結構

SVoO–SVOC兩種可能：He found Tom a seat（SVoO）→A seat was found for Tom.He found Tom a bright pupil（SVOC）→Tom was found to be a bright pupil.He found Tom a good teacher.→（SVoO）A good teacher was found for Tom.→（SVOC）Tom was found to be a good teacher.

（1）疑問、否定被動：Who wrote it？→By whom was it written＼Who was it written by？Didn’t they tell you to be here？→Weren’t you told to be here？Why did no one tell me about it？→Why wasn’t I told about it？No one has ever seen it.→It has never been seen.＼It hasn’t been seen by anybody.

（2）祈使被動→let； Don’t let。Do it，please. →Let it be done，please.Don’t open the door. →Don’t let the door be opened.--反身代詞→人稱代詞。She devoted herself to her children.→She was devoted to her children. He dressed himself in white.→He was dressed in white. He seats himself at the back.→He is seated at the back.賓語從句→主句（It作形式主語）；或變成不定式結構（注意不定式時態）：①They believe that I am wrong.→That I am wrong is believed.→It is believed that I am wrong.＼I am believed to be wrong.②People think he is a spy.→That he is a spy is thought.→It is thought that he is a spy.＼He is thought to be a spy.③They report that he was hiding in the woods.→That he was is reported.→It is reported that he was＼He is reported to have been hiding in the woods.④People say that he has been there.→That he has been there is said.→It is said that he has been there.＼He is said to have been there.

（3）get代替be.多用于口語中，或動作中。也因此借助助動詞do的形式。Is he married？ He is married.（表狀態）；Did he get married？ He got married.（表動作）；They are painting the house.→The house is being＼getting painted.We didn’t repair the car.→The car didn’t get＼wasn’t repaired.

（4）介詞、形容詞表被動：Oranges are on sale.→Oranges are being sold.It is under discussion. →It is being discussed.The bread is hardly eatable.→The bread can hardly be eaten.under arrest＼construction in the possession of in＼under the charge of acceptable visible respectable。

（5）感覺系動詞（主動形式，被動含義）sound look。The material feels soft.It tastes good，but smells bad.（區分：He smells it）

（6）有些及物動詞（write，draw，wear） 用作不及物，表主語事物本身特性：①（主動形式，被動含義）常帶狀語副詞well，easily，long，fast，smoothly，rough；The cloth washes well.本身耐洗（區分：The cloth was washed well.被洗）。She doesn’t photograph well.不上照；She wasn’t photographed well.沒被拍好。My house won’t let.租不出；My house will not be let.不會被租出去。The book sells well.The paper tears easily.Damp clothes iron easily.This car drives smoothly.The door won’t lock.The telegram reads as follows.The meat doesn’t clean well，or cut well，but keeps well，and cooks well.②動詞begin，end，stop，open，close， shut，operate---表事物本身，非人為的“開始、結束、開、關、啟動”等，用主動形式。The door won’t open＼shut.不肯開、開不了The play won’t act不宜上演School begins in September.The shop closes on Sundays.本身規律The window opens＼faces to the south.The light turned off.

三、不定式主動表被動

不定式作定語，后置定語。不定式有邏輯主語在句中出現時，用主動；無邏輯主語時，用被動（不定式動詞必須及物動詞或有介詞）。（習慣固定The house is to let.I am to blame）。We have plenty to eat. I have something to say.He has no chair to sit on.He has many papers to write，but has no pen to write with or paper to write on.比較：Do you have clothes to wash＼to be washed？There is nothing to do＼to be done？They asked the clothes to be washed.

（1）“ing”形式主動表被動need，want，require，worth，deserve：The book is well worth reading.This bicycle requires repairing.make oneself.done；have sth.done。Can I make myself understood＼heard＼seen？I had my hair cut yesterday.

（2）被動形式主動意義：be pleased with＼at，be lost in，be prepared for，be graduated from， be determined to How soon will you be finished？He is occupied in his work.He got married to a rich girl=He married a rich girl.He was seated in the corner.=He seated himself in the corner.He is well dressed in white.=He dresses himself well in white.

（3）與系表結構的區別：①系表結構不是動作，常表現在的狀態、結果，不加by＼with執行者。He is hurt.The window is broken.The fact is known to all.比較：He was hurt by a stone.The dog was killed with a stone.②系表結構的過去分詞具有形容詞性，可加very，quite，rather，more等修飾詞。He is very tired＼excited＼disappointed.③系表的過去分詞常與介詞連用。

He is connected with the matter.He is obsorbed in his study.

Be surprised＼frightened＼delighted＼excited＼astonished＼shocked＼pleased—at；

Be interested＼engaged＼absorbed＼caught—in；Be covered＼satisfied＼contented＼pleased—with

（4）使用被動態：①突出被動的承受者：Einstein was known as the most famous physicist.The dog was described as a friend and was treated as a man.②不知或不必說出動作發出者：The house was burnt down.③避免更換主語：He loves his children and is loved by them.

（5）不用被動態（不及物！rise，fall，happen，take place，agree，come true）。①將來進行時、完成進行時：will be doing＼will have been doing。He will be waiting for you.You will be waited.②反身代詞、相互代詞：They enjoyed themselves.We learn from each other.③抽象名詞、同源賓語：We love nature＼science.He died a glorious death. He dreamed a sweet dream.④機構、組織、團體、處所、人體部位等人們已經習慣于用主動態的。He joined the army＼the Youth League.He left London.He shook his head.⑤某些表狀態的及物（have，belong，own，fit，cost，suit），特別指非人為的表時間、距離、價格、重量等。The flowers cost fifty yuan.He has travelled a long way.The meeting lasted three hours.You won’t stay＼wait （for） the night.The box weighs 6 kilos.The room measures four metres by five metres。My watch gains＼loses two minutes a day.（比較：He lost a pen）