科恩“褐雨燕”觀景臺，弗利姆斯，瑞士

建筑設計：科琳娜·梅恩

Architect: Corinna Menn

科恩觀景臺是科琳娜·梅恩早期負責實施的項目之一。該項目體現了她在靜力學問題方面的興趣，以及利用靜力學的空間潛力形成建筑物并賦予其形態的可能性。方案是科琳娜·梅恩和叔叔克里斯蒂安·梅恩——一位優秀的結構工程師、橋梁建造者共同設計完成的。她對施工及其潛力很有興趣。“Il Spir”在雷托羅曼語意為褐雨燕，形態來源于飛鳥站立時極具表現力的姿態。

1.3萬年前，上一個冰河時代的結束造成了弗利姆斯山的大崩塌。萊茵河的力量開始侵蝕巖體，并形成了萊茵河谷的天然奇觀。這座峽谷是一處國家自然保護區，游客從這個觀景臺的位置就可以領略到它的風光，而無需走下山去。在森林的外緣，這座觀景臺屹立于群松之間，并伸入山谷之中，而不破壞數千年演化而成的石灰巖構造。從步道上看，深色的鋼結構在挺拔的樹干之間仿佛與森林渾然一體。游客登上螺旋樓梯，就能走上展開的扇形木平臺。從遠處看，淺色的落葉松木梁、展開的雙層椽和錐形的樓板段面有如一艘啟航的帆船。這座與主梁分離的平臺是用鋼索從端部懸掛起來的。這些基本要素及其線性的連接形成了一種圓形的內在空間造型。除必要的靜力學和構造要求外，其結構材料極其精簡，令人印象深刻。

該構筑物幾乎沒有觸及地面，且無需對地形做任何處理。假如未來不再使用觀景臺或需要移除，巖石將好似未曾被碰觸過一樣。（黃華青 譯）

1 外景/Exterior view

2 總平面/Site plan

The viewing platform at Conn was one of the first projects Corinna Menn was able to execute. It already shows her essential interest in questions of statics and the possibility to use this as a spatial potential to form the building and its shape. The design was developed together with her uncle a leading structural engineer and bridge builder Christian Menn. Her interest in construction in its potential. The name "Il Spir" comes from the bird swift and stands in relation to the expressive gesture of the upper platform.

3 與地面相連接的細部/A detail of connection to the ground

4 結構特點/Structural features

13,000 years ago, the retreat of the last ice age resulted in the massive collapse of the Flims mountain. The power of the Rhein began to erode the masses of stone and created the natural spectacle of the Ruin Aulta. The gorge is a region of national preservation that can be experienced by visitors from this precisely positioned outlook, without themselves stepping onto the location. Anchored to the outer edge of the forest, a viewing platform rises between the pines and extends towards the gorge without touching the lime formations that have evolved of thousands of years. Viewing from the footpath, the dark steel construction initially appears to be part of the forest among the tall tree trunks. Visitors climb the spiral staircase and walk out on the unfolded fan of the wooden platform. From a distance, the light larch wood of the beams, the unfolded double rafters and the conical floor segments appear like a floating sail. Detached from the main girder, the platform is suspended at its ends using steel cables. The basic elements and their linear connections create an inherent spatial figure describing a circular form. The structure is impressive through the reduction of the material to the static and constructive necessity.

5 觀景平臺/Viewing platform

The building almost does not touch the ground and does not need any manipulation of the terrain.If in the future the viewpoint will not be any more in use and needs to be removed, the rocks will remain almost untouched.

項目信息/Credits and Data

業主/Client: Municipality of Flims

結構工程/Structural Engineer: Christian Menn (concept)/Claudio Tschuor B?nziger Partner AG (execution)

建設周期/Building Year: 2005-2006

攝影/Photos: Franz Rindlisbacher

評論

郭廖輝：這個森林盡端的平臺給人們提供了一個景觀中特殊的位置，使人徹底脫離地面。兩根主鋼柱的傾斜引導著人順著樓梯，到達了水平展開、飄在自然廢墟上空的三角形平臺。受拉構件的大量使用，使結構構件的尺寸不大，笨重的混凝土只出現在基礎的部分，觀景木平臺減輕了結構重量也提示了輕盈，同時能給被置于險境中的人一絲穩定感。如何和森林產生關系是除了結構之外的另一個考慮，清晰的結構邏輯呈現出三角形的構成，如建筑師想象中的“帆”，擺脫了一個亭子的外觀。主要構件的尺寸和樹干產生了關系，向上和伸展也同時是樹木生長的方式。

胡恒：這類技術至上的作品其實不需要文字點評。那些原本干巴巴的平立剖圖每一張都是詩意盎然。讓人想起達·芬奇畫的飛行器設計圖。技術與詩意確實只有一線之隔。不過，這個設計的詩意之處不在觀景——站在平臺欄桿邊的感覺太可怕了——而是在飛翔。平臺的外伸顯然并非為了多看一點風景，它傳達的是工程師與設計者涌身一躍，飛進天空的沖動。這是一個極其少見的立足于“自由渴望”的設計。它的概念原點與設計邊界是平臺外伸角度的極限值。所以，這個觀景臺并不需要游客來觀景，它在完工之時，就結束了。

6 觀景平臺/Viewing platform

7.8 結構示意圖/Structural schematic diagram

Comments

GUO Liaohui: This platform at the end of the forest provides a special location in the landscape, getting people completely away from the ground. The slanting of the two main steel columns guides people to follow the stairs and reach the triangular platform that spreads horizontally and floats over the natural ruins. The massive use of tensile components makes the size of the structural components small. The bulky concrete only appears in the foundation part. The wooden viewing platform both reduces the weight of the structures and indicates lightness, and in the mean time,brings a sense of stability to the people in the dangerous situation. How to relate to forests is another consideration besides structure. The clear structural logic presents the form of triangle, like a "sail" in the imagination of the architect, getting rid of the appearance of a pavilion. The size of the main components has a relationship with the tree trunk. Upwards and stretching are also the ways trees grow. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

HU Heng: Technology-based projects, in essence, do not need written comments.However, here the dry-as-dust plan, elevation and sections have become poetic. This brings to mind Da Vinci's Flying Machine sketches. Indeed, there is only a fine line between technology and poetry. However, the poetry of this design is not formed by the scenery – it is quite horrific to stand beside the handrail of the platform – but, the feeling of flying. Clearly, the purpose of overhang of the platform is not simply to obtain a better view; more importantly, it demonstrates the impulsion of the engineer and the designer to jump and fly into the sky. This is an uncommon design that is based on the concept of the pursuit of freedom. The limit of the angle of the overhang is the origin of the project's concept and the boundary of its design. Therefore, this viewing platform does not rely on tourists to function, it functions well enough at the moment of its completion. (Translated by Dandan Wang)