中心金屬離子改變誘導MOFs結構和光催化性能的改變

李慧軍 何亞玲 張 寧 李晴晴 徐周慶 王 元

（河南理工大學化學化工學院，焦作 454000）

0 Introduction

Recently,the rational design and construction of microporous metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）have obtained extensiveattention on accountoftheir fascinating topologies and potential applications in optical,gas storage and separation,biomimetic materials,catalysis and so on[1-4].In particular,the assembly of MOFs showing topological complexity,aesthetic beauty,and structural integrity,especially of those with undiscovered intriguing topologies has been appealing to more and more chemists[5-8].The controllable syntheses of MOFs are still difficult in the most of metal-organic ligands systems due to the fact that the assembly processes are complicated and influenced by many inner and outer factors[9-11].Generally,the resulting framework of the MOFs depends on the structural characteristics of organic ligands,the coordination modes of metal center ions,experiment condition and the reaction pathways and so on[12-16].In many case,metal ions can regulated the structure dramatically,which give rise to some ion-directed coordination systems.The selection of metal centers can tune the structure through their various coordination geometries[17-20].

In additional,dyes removal from contaminated waterattracts the interests ofthe majority of researchers[21-24].However,quickly removing the dyes from waste-water is still a challenge.Compared with absorption method,photocatalysis is one of the most effective chemical methods to alleviate the environment issue by converting inexhaustible solar energy into clean chemical substances[25-27].Thus,the design strategy and improvement approaches for MOF-based photocatalytic activities are commendable[29-30].It has reported that the feasible strategy of photocatalytic process is to facilitate the generation of free radical as electron acceptors to the photocatalytic reaction[31-32].In this regard,unsaturated metal sites which could reduce charge carrier recombination probability may accelerate the generation of free radical and further degrade dye quickly.In the current study,a functional ligand with multiple coordination modes has been used as organic ligand to constructed two novel MOFs.Interestingly,theirstructuraldiversity is largely dependent on the changes of metal ions.And the two MOFs both exhibit good photocatalytic efficiency.

Scheme 1 Structure of the ligand

1 Experimental

1.1 Materials and measurements

Allchemicalswere commercially purchased.Elemental analyses for carbon,hydrogen and nitrogen were performed on a Thermo Science Flash 2000 element analyzer.FT-IR spectra were obtained in KBr disks on a PerkinElmer Spectrum One FTIR spectrophotometer in 4 000～450 cm-1spectral range.The powderX-ray diffraction （PXRD）studies were performed with a Bruker AXS D8 Discover instrument（Cu Kα radiation,λ=0.154 184 nm,U=40 kV,I=40 mA）over the 2θ range of 5°～60°at room temperature.Thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）was recorded on a Netzsch STA 449C thermal analyzer between 30 and 800℃and a heating rate of 10℃·min-1in atmosphere.Cyclic voltammetry （CV）measurements were performed on a CHI760D electrochemical workstation（Chenhua Instrument Company,ShangHai,China）.

1.2 Preparations of the complexes

Synthesis of[Cu （PPCA）（H2O）]·H2O （HPU-7）：a mixture of H2PPCA （0.05 mmol,10.15 mg）,CuCl2·2H2O （0.10 mmol,17.048 mg）,absolute ethanol（2 mL）and H2O （8 mL）was placed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel vessel（25 mL）,heated to 160 ℃ for 3 days,and then cooled to room temperature at a rate of 5℃·h-1.Purple block crystals of HPU-7 were obtained and picked out,washed with distilled water and dried in air.Elemental analysis Calcd.for C8H8CuN4O4（%）：C 33.40,H 2.80,N 19.47.Found（%）：C 33.27,H 2.87,N 20.18.IR （KBr,cm-1）：3 449s,1 611s,1 420m,1 279 m,1 146m,1 054m,972w,888m,797m.

Synthesis of{[Co（PPCA）（H2O）]·H2O}n（HPU-8）：a mixture of H2PPCA （0.05 mmol,11.2 mg）,Co（NO3）2·6H2O （0.10 mmol,29.1 mg）,CH3CN （2 mL）and H2O（8 mL）was placed in a Teflon-lined stainless steelvessel （25 mL）,heated to 160 ℃ for 3 days,and then cooled to room temperature at a rate of 5 ℃·h-1.Brown block crystals of HPU-8 were obtained and picked out,washed with distilled water and dried in air.Elemental analysis Calcd.for C8H8CoN4O4（%）：C 33.94,H 2.85,N 19.79.Found（%）：C 33.69,H 2.47,N 20.08.IR （KBr,cm-1）：3 446s,1 611s,1 428m,1 370 w,1 295m,1 154m,1 038m,780m.

1.3 X-ray crystallography

X-ray Single-crystal diffraction analysis of HPU-7 and HPU-8 was carried out on a Bruker SMART APEXⅡCCD diffractometer equipped with a graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation （λ=0.071 073 nm）by using φ-ω scan technique at room temperature.The structures were solved via direct methods and successive Fourier difference synthesis（SHELXS-2014）,and refined by the full-matrix least-squares method on F2with anisotropic thermal parameters for all non-H atoms （SHELXL-2014）[33].The empirical absorption corrections were applied by the SADABS program[34].The H-atoms of carbon were assigned with common isotropic displacement factors and included in the final refinement by the use of geometrical restraints.H-atoms of water molecules were first located by the Fourier maps,then refined by the riding mode.The crystallographic data for HPU-7 and HPU-8 are listed in Table 1.Moreover,the selected bond lengths and bond angles are listed in Table 2.

CCDC：1575337,HPU-7;1575338,HPU-8.

Table 1 Crystal data and structure refinement parameters for HPU-7 and HPU-8

Table 2 Selected bond lengths(nm)and angles(°)for HPU-7 and HPU-8

Continued Table 2

1.4 Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)

The procedure was as follows：30 mg of the dissolved HPU-7 or HPU-8 was dispersed into 100 mL of MB aqueous solution （12.75 mg·L-1）,followed by the addition of four drops of hydrogen peroxide solution （H2O2,30%）.The suspensions were magnetically stirred in the dark for over 1 h to ensure adsorption equilibrium of MB onto the surface of samples.And a 2.6 nm xenon arc lamp was used as a light source.An optical filter in the equipment of xenon arc lamp was used to filtering out the UV emission below 400 nm.Visible light then irradiated the above solutions for every 10 min until 110 min,and the corresponding reaction solutions were filtered and the absorbance ofMB aqueous solutions was then measured by a spectrophotometer.For comparison,the contrast experiment was completed under the same conditions without any catalysts.The characteristic peak （λ=660 nm）for MB was employed to monitor the photocatalytic degradation process.

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Crystal structures of complexes HPU-7 and HPU-8

Single-crystal X-ray measurement reveals that HPU-7 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c.Its asymmetric unit consists of one Cu（Ⅱ）,one PPCA2-ligands and two water molecules.As shown in Fig.1a,the Cu1 ion is five-coordinated by three N atoms from two ligands,two oxygen atoms from the carboxylic group of the ligand and water molecule creating the distorted tetragonal pyramid geometry.The carboxylate group of the PPCA2-ligand adopts μ1-∶η1∶η1coordination mode.The ligand ligates with two Cu（Ⅱ） ions using its two nitrogen atoms （N1 and N2）and one oxygen atom （O1）forming a two nuclear[Cu2（PPCA）2（H2O）2]unit.In the binuclear unit,the distance of adjacent Cu atoms is 0.395 31 nm.And then the adjacent nuclear units are linked through hydrogen bonds （O3-H3…N4 and O1W-H1B…O1）（Fig.1b）resulting in a two-dimensional supramolecular architecture in Fig.1c.

Single-crystal X-ray measurement reveals that HPU-8 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c.Its asymmetry unit includes one Co（Ⅱ）,one H2PPCA ligand and two water molecules.As shown in Fig.2a,Co（Ⅱ）ion in a distorted octahedral environment is completed by four nitrogen atoms from three ligands,two oxygen atoms from a water molecule and thecarboxylicgroup ofoneligand.Theligand coordinates to three Co（Ⅱ）ions with its four nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom （O1）.Adjacent Co（Ⅱ） ions are connected by-N-N-bridges giving rise to binuclear units with the distances between Co…Co of 0.409 21 nm.It is different from the structure of HPU-7 that the N atom of pyrazine also participates in the coordination.Therefore,the binuclear units are connected together forming a two-dimensional network structure,as shown in Fig.2b.Besides,there is guest water molecules embedded in adjacent layers,which generates hydrogen bonds with other O atoms.Furthermore,the adjacentlayersareconnected togetherby these hydrogen bondsresulting in a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture in Fig.2d.

Fig.1 （a）Coordination environment of Cu（Ⅱ） ion in HPU-7 with hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity;（b）Hydrogen bonds in HPU-7;（c）2D supramolecular architecture connected by hydrogen bonds in HPU-7

Fig.2 （a）Coordination environment of Co（Ⅱ） ion in HPU-8;（b）2D layer of HPU-8;（c）3D architecture connected by hydrogen bonds

2.2 PXRD patterns and thermal stability analysis

To confirm the phase purity of the two complexes,the PXRD patterns were recorded for HPU-7 and HPU-8,and they were comparable to the corresponding simulated ones calculated from the single crystal diffraction data （Fig.3）,indicating a pure phase of each bulky sample.

Fig.3 Powder XRD patterns for HPU-7 and HPU-8

Fig.4 TG curves of the complexes HPU-7 and HPU-8

As shown in Fig.4,HPU-7 show the first weight loss of 12.67%corresponding to the release of both guest and coordinated two water molecules（Calcd.12.51%）.Then,the framework is stable up to about 414℃.For HPU-8,the gradual weight change before 90℃is attributed to the removal of both guest and coordinated two water molecules （12.89%,Calcd.12.71%）.Then,the major weight loss occurs in next step above 407℃,which may be ascribed to the decomposition of the coordination framework.

2.3 Physical characterizations

Fig.5 CV curves of HPU-7 and HPU-8 in 0.1 mol·L-1KOH solution

Fig.6 Mott-Schottky plots of HPU-7 and HPU-8 in 0.1 mol·L-1KOH aqueous solution

To study the electrochemical synthesis of HPU-7 and HPU-8,cyclic voltammetry is performed using standard electrochemical equipment within the scan rate of 20 mV·s-1and potential range of-1 to 0.36 V.The CV curves show that HPU-7 and HPU-8 have good conductivities （Fig.5）.Besides,Mott-Schottky measurements were also conducted for better understanding the intrinsic electronic properties of the two complexes.As shown in Fig.6,the slope of C-2values versus potential are observed indicating that both the two complexes show n-type semiconductors.Theflat-bandspotentialofHPU-7 and HPU-8 determined from Mott-Schottky plots are-0.94 and-0.89 V,respectively,versus Hg/Hg2Cl2electrode at pH 13.0.So the redox potential of the conduction bands of HPU-7 and HPU-8 are-0.70 and-0.65 V versus normal hydrogen electrode （NHE）.

2.4 Photocatalytic experiments

Fig.7 UV-Vis absorption of MB at different time intervals under high-pressure Hg lamp irradiation without（a）or with complexes HPU-7 （b）and HPU-8（c）as catalysts,respectively;（d）Plots of Ct/C0vs time for MB degradation without or with complexes HPU-7 and HPU-8

Photocatalysts have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in purifying water and air by thoroughly decomposing organic compounds.To evaluate the photocatalytic performance ofthese complexes,the photocatalytic degradation ofMB aqueous solution was performed at ambient temperature.And the concentrations of MB versus reaction time of no complex and HPU-7 and HPU-8 are drawn in Fig.7.

As shown in the Fig.7,with the gradient changes of reaction time,both of the absorbency of the solution is gradually reduced at 660 nm.The degradation rate is defined as （1-Ct/C0）×100%,where Ctand C0represent the remnant and initial concentration of MB respectively.Without addition of these complexes,the MB degradation rate was only 59.14%.After addition of HPU-7 and HPU-8,the MB degradation rates were 90.61%and 85.34%for HPU-7 and HPU-8,respectively.Therefore it was found that HPU-7 has better photocatalytic degradation efficiency.

These results suggest that HPU-7 may be better candidate for photocatalytic degradation of MB.As mentioned in literature[35-36],the photocatalytic mechanism is clarified as below：the electrons of the complex could be excited from the valence band （VB）to the conduction band （CB）.Then,the equal amount of positive vacancies is left in VB （h+）.Besides,O2or hydroxyl （OH-）absorbed on the surfaces of the photocatalysts could interact with the electrons （e-）on the CB or the hole （h+）on the VB,respectively,which give rise to hydroxyl radicals （OH）.As is known,the OH radical is the important factor for cleaving MB effectively in the above photocatalytic process.So the releasedifficultyofOH radicalsdeterminesthe catalytic effects.OH radicals are generated by oxygenating H2O2,which are deactivated by photocatalyst generating LMCT.Therefore,the structures of photocatalyst are the crucial issues for the faster generation speed of OH radicals.By comparison,HPU-7 owns more unsaturated metal sites which could reduce charge carrier recombination probability and generate OH radicals more easily.So HPU-7 shows better photocatalytic degradation efficiency.

3 Conclusions

In summary,twonew MOFsbased on a multifunctional ligand were successfully synthesized,which display diverse structures from 0D to 2D frameworks.The pyrazinyl functional groups could adjust coordination numbers ligating to different metal ions,which contribute to the formation of different structural MOFs.In addition,their electrochemical properties are also studied.The result shows that they have good conductivities.So they both show good photocatalytic efficiencies for the decomposition of MB.Besides,HPU-7 with unsaturated metal sites could reduce charge carrier recombination probability and exhibit better photocatalytic efficiency.Further research is underway to synthesize other materials with better application in decomposing other dyestuff.

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