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保護性耕作在不同氣候區域研究現狀

2018-03-18 10:25:49徐志超
山西農業科學 2018年5期
關鍵詞:產量區域研究

劉 爽 ,王 雅 ,徐志超

(1.山西大學黃土高原研究所,山西太原030006;2.山西省農業科學院農業環境與資源研究所,山西省土壤環境與養分資源重點實驗室,山西太原030031;3.青海省水利水電勘測設計研究院,青海西寧810001)

降低土壤壓實、經濟適用的作物輪作以及地表殘茬覆蓋是保護性耕作的3個核心內容[1-2]。其不但可以維持長期作物生產力而且能降低環境風險[3-4]。其中,地表殘茬覆蓋是指作物收獲后至少將30%的作物殘茬覆蓋在地表[5]。許多學者研究了不同類型的殘茬及其覆蓋量對土壤及作物的影響[6-8]。作物殘茬覆蓋的優點和不足主要取決于作物殘茬的種類、質量及其與不同土壤氣候條件的相互作用[9]。與傳統耕作系統相比,保護性耕作可以降低土壤風蝕、水蝕以及土壤水分蒸發[10-12],增加降雨入滲量[13],提高土壤表層有機碳含量[14-15],增強土壤團聚體的數量及穩定性[16-19],降低人力及能源輸入[20-22]。因此,保護性耕作多應用于高侵蝕及半干旱土壤區[23-25]。目前,保護性耕作約達1.25億hm2,約占全球農地面積的9%,其中,半干旱草原區保護性耕作阿根廷占70%的農地面積,美國占全部農地面積的16%[26];而我國的保護性耕作面積占全部農業面積的比例非常小。

1 保護性耕作國內外研究現狀和發展動態

在過去的幾十年內,保護性耕作系統已在全球范圍內的不同氣候區域,如在熱帶、亞熱帶以及溫帶氣候區進行評估及采用。保護性耕作下的作物類型、氣候及土壤滲漏狀況等都影響作物產量。當氣候為冷濕條件或土壤幾乎不滲漏的情況下,保護性耕作下的玉米產量較傳統耕作低[17,27-30];而當氣候為干燥溫暖或土壤滲漏狀況較好時,保護性耕作下的玉米產量較傳統耕作高[26,31-38];此外,在不考慮氣候及土壤條件時,某些土壤類型保護性耕作下的大豆和冬小麥產量較傳統耕作高或與傳統耕作下的產量無明顯差別[29,33,39-43]。

1.1 保護性耕作在熱帶地區的研究現狀

在熱帶地區,許多學者研究了保護性耕作對作物產量及土壤理化性狀的影響,結果發現,與傳統的耕作方式相比,保護性耕作,如免耕或少耕可提高土壤含水量及玉米產量[31,34,44-46]。在熱帶地區,保護性耕作在農業及經濟上的作用主要受降水量及其分布的影響[47]。因此,相應的研究結果存在區域性差異,例如THIAGALINGAM等[32]研究發現,免耕能提高大豆和玉米的產量,尤其在干旱年份效果更明顯;但ZOTARELLI等[48]研究表明,免耕能提高大豆產量,而傳統耕作方式下的玉米產量則更高;同樣,WILHELM等[49]研究發現,玉米產量隨降雨量及其分布而變化。其他研究結果顯示,由于相應水分利用效率(WUE)的提高,地表作物殘茬覆蓋可顯著提高作物產量,尤其在干旱年份當地表覆蓋有作物殘茬時,WUE 會更高[8,47,50]。VERHULST等[51]研究發現,在作物生長季,免耕條件下,作物雖在初始階段生長緩慢,但后期生長較快,從而提高了最終的籽粒產量。此外,免耕還可提高土壤有機質含量及表層土壤的孔隙度[45],但對0~10 cm土層的土壤容重無明顯的影響[52]。

1.2 保護性耕作在亞熱帶地區的研究現狀

研究表明,在亞熱帶地區,免耕可提高總的土壤有機碳含量[53-54]及0~5 cm土層的水穩性團聚體含量,但使得表層土壤的孔隙度降低[55-56],土壤容重增大[57]。許多研究表明,與傳統耕作相比,免耕可保持更多的水分,且顯著提高玉米籽粒的產量及水分利用率[41,58-62];SARKAR等[21]研究發現,淺層耕作可以提高土壤水分、大麥產量以及水分利用率。

1.3 保護性耕作在溫帶地區的研究現狀

在溫帶地區,當土壤處于滲漏性較差的條件時,保護性耕作(免耕或少耕)下的作物產量等于或低于傳統耕作[63-65];但也有些研究結果表明,保護性耕作提高了玉米產量[27]。免耕秸稈覆蓋可提高土壤有機碳含量[14,66],降低地表徑流,提高土壤含水量[67],并能降低N2O氣體的排放量。此外,研究結果還表明,免耕或少耕導致土壤表層容重增大,土壤入滲量降低[68-69]。盡管一些研究結果顯示,在溫帶氣候區保護性耕作的不足包括降低作物產量[70]及影響土壤物理特性(即降低土壤入滲量和增加土壤容重),但隨著免耕配套農機具的逐步發展以及燃料費用的逐步降低,可能會使免耕成為較經濟的耕作系統[71]。另外,保護性耕作具有較好的經濟和生態效益[65]。

1.4 保護性耕作在國內的研究現狀

我國已有許多關于保護性耕作方面的研究,但這些研究主要集中于我國北方的華北平原(31°24′N~42°42′N,110°18′E~122°42′E)和西北地區,尤其是黃土高原地區(34°30′N~38°6′N,103°47′E~113°26′E)。研究表明,傳統耕作方式可加速土壤退化及水資源的匱乏,降低作物生產力及水分利用效率[72-73]。而保護性耕作則可提高土壤物理化學及生物性狀,從而降低土壤侵蝕,提高土壤含水量、水分利用效率及作物產量[41,59,74-75],可起到儲水保墑、節能、節水、節肥的作用[76-78]。然而,在我國東北地區關于保護性耕作效益的研究較少,該區域位于溫帶氣候區且傳統耕作已被應用了幾百年。CHEN等[79]研究了保護性耕作對于土壤表層(0~15 cm)含水量的影響;FAN等[80]研究了不同耕作方式及作物輪作對作物產量及效益的影響。而對于剖面土壤水分的分布,深層土壤水分儲量及水分利用效率方面的報道較少。

2 問題和展望

從國內外對保護性耕作相關問題的研究看,保護性耕作在不同氣候區域都取得了長足發展,主要集中在保護性耕作對土壤質量及作物生長和產量的影響等方面。就目前研究中存在的問題提出保護性耕作在國內未來研究中的幾點建議。

從目前的研究來看,主要存在的問題為:保護性耕作多應用于高侵蝕及半干旱土壤區域,對于濕潤及降水較多的區域,保護性耕作的應用相對匱乏;在不同的區域,保護性耕作所對應的技術體系不同,而保護性耕作技術因在不同區域推廣程度不同,其成熟程度差異較大,即使在推廣范圍大、技術成熟的區域,技術的適用區域也不十分明確;保護性耕作配套技術一直未能很好地解決;保護性耕作多應用于玉米、大豆和小麥作物,對于其他作物應用較少;與不同作物配套的保護性耕作機具匱乏,導致其增產效果以及對土壤的改良效果受到影響。

針對目前存在的問題,應該根據不同氣候或土壤區域條件等實地情況,研發相應的保護性耕作配套技術規程,例如,位于不同氣候區域的高原、丘陵、盆地以及平原地區其適宜的保護性耕作模式不同,應根據具體區域進行研發;應該研發適用不同作物的保護性耕作技術體系和相應的保護性耕作農機具,如針對玉米、小麥、大豆等農作物,其適宜保護性耕作技術體系不同,配套的農機具也應具體研發;應該普及保護性耕作的知識,定期進行保護性耕作知識的講座以及技術指導,如秸稈還田、免耕播種、壟溝深松、淺層耕作、化學除草劑的使用等;進行保護性耕作的深入研究和推廣,應在取得國家經費支持的情況下,爭取地方政府的支持,使得研究成果及時得到示范推廣,比如對于響應保護性耕作的農民,地方政府應該給予一定的優惠政策,使保護性耕作得到廣泛有效的推廣和應用。

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