
圖1 男性患者,27歲,因頸部按摩后頭暈和后枕部疼痛,進(jìn)行性加重伴惡心和非噴射狀嘔吐,臨床診斷為左側(cè)小腦亞急性缺血性卒中,左側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈V3段夾層,壁內(nèi)血腫形成 1a CTA容積重建(VR)圖顯示,左側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈V2段和V2~V3交界區(qū)狹窄(箭頭所示) 1b 橫斷面T2WI顯示,左側(cè)小腦半球斑片樣高信號(hào)影(箭頭所示) 1c 冠狀位抑脂黑血T1WI曲面重建(CPR)圖顯示,左側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈V2~V3交界區(qū)和V3段壁內(nèi)血腫,呈高信號(hào)(箭頭所示),鄰近管腔受壓變窄 1d 橫斷面抑脂黑血T1WI(C1椎體平面)顯示,左側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈管腔前部“新月”樣壁內(nèi)血腫,呈高信號(hào)(箭頭所示),鄰近管腔受壓變窄Figure 1 A 27?year?old male suffered from dizziness and occiput pain after neck massage,then dizziness aggravated with nausea and non?spraying vomit. Clinical diagnosis was subacute ischemic stroke in left cerebellum and left vertebral arterial(V3 segment)dissection with intramural hematoma.CTA VR image showed stenosis of V2 segment of left vertebral artery and junctional area of V2 and V3 segment(arrows indicate,Panel 1a).Axial T2WI revealed patch high?intensity of left cerebellar hemisphere(arrows indicate,Panel 1b).Coronal CPR of fat suppression T1WI black blood sequence revealed intramural hematoma of hyperintensity(arrows indicate)in junctional area of V2 and V3 segment and V3 segment of left vertebral artery.Adjacent vessel lumen was compressed and narrowed(Panel 1c).Axial fat suppression T1WI black blood sequence(C1level)showed crescent?shaped high?intensity intramural hematoma in the anterior wall of left vertebral artery(arrow indicates).Adjacent vessel lumen was compressed and narrowed(Panel 1d).
椎動(dòng)脈夾層(VAD)是各種原因致血液成分透過破損的椎動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜進(jìn)入管壁,導(dǎo)致管壁剝離分層形成血腫或壁內(nèi)自發(fā)性血腫致血管狹窄、閉塞或破裂的一種疾病。主要與頸部屈伸或旋轉(zhuǎn)、頸部按摩或運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷相關(guān),結(jié)締組織病等血管先天性因素或高血壓等獲得性因素也易使其發(fā)病率增加。椎動(dòng)脈夾層根據(jù)發(fā)病部位分為顱外段(V1~3)和顱內(nèi)段(V4),前者向動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜下進(jìn)展,導(dǎo)致管腔狹窄和血栓形成,引起短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作或缺血性卒中等癥狀;后者多發(fā)生于管壁肌層與外膜之間,不規(guī)則外凸形成夾層動(dòng)脈瘤,易破裂致蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血。DSA具有時(shí)間動(dòng)態(tài)性,可顯示病變血管血流方式和管腔構(gòu)型,診斷準(zhǔn)確性較高,動(dòng)脈晚期?靜脈期假腔內(nèi)對(duì)比劑滯留具有診斷意義。CTA和MRA為無創(chuàng)性方法,可提供管腔和壁內(nèi)血腫致管徑變化信息。典型椎動(dòng)脈夾層管腔偏心性狹窄呈“鼠尾”樣或錐形(尖端指向狹窄段)、不規(guī)則節(jié)段樣和“串珠征”;不典型者管徑正常或僅管腔輕度纖細(xì)或粗細(xì)不均(圖1a)。管腔線樣“內(nèi)膜瓣征”和“雙腔征”是明確診斷的直接征象,但不常見。MRI顯示后循環(huán)區(qū)梗死灶(圖1b)或低灌注可以間接提示椎動(dòng)脈夾層。高分辨力MRI可同時(shí)提供管腔和管壁信息,準(zhǔn)確顯示真腔和假腔、內(nèi)膜瓣、壁內(nèi)血腫(圖1c),具有重要診斷價(jià)值,橫斷面可見偏心性狹窄呈類圓形,低信號(hào),多偏向管腔一側(cè)(圖1c,1d);壁內(nèi)血腫呈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)壁“新月”樣或環(huán)形等信號(hào)(急性期)或短T1、長T2信號(hào)(亞急性期;圖1c,1d),信號(hào)高低取決于血腫形成時(shí)間;夾層動(dòng)脈瘤可外凸呈不規(guī)則“囊袋”樣。橫斷面偏心性狹窄伴動(dòng)脈外管徑擴(kuò)張,高度提示椎動(dòng)脈夾層。“內(nèi)膜瓣征”作為椎動(dòng)脈夾層的直接證據(jù),T2WI呈線樣等信號(hào),增強(qiáng)T1WI呈強(qiáng)化征象。椎動(dòng)脈夾層起病隱匿,易漏診或誤診,神經(jīng)影像學(xué)的診斷意義重大。應(yīng)注意與真性椎動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈瘤附壁血栓、不穩(wěn)定型動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊伴斑塊內(nèi)出血、纖維肌肉發(fā)育不良致動(dòng)脈狹窄相鑒別。