李莉 呂艷 翟翔雋 王冰 王建波


【摘要】 目的:探討右美托咪定對穴位電刺激產婦分娩鎮痛效果的影響。方法:100例產婦隨機分為右美托咪定聯合穴位刺激組(A組)和穴位刺激組(B組)。A組臨產后靜脈輸注右美托咪定,同時經皮神經電刺激合谷、三陰交和足三里穴直至胎兒娩出;B組僅經皮神經電刺激合谷、三陰交和足三里穴。記錄兩組產婦不同時點VAS和Ramsay評分、產程時間、產后出血量及新生兒Apgar評分,并于臨產后(T0)和宮口開全時(T1)取靜脈血測β-內啡肽(β-EP)、皮質醇(Cor)及促腎上腺素皮質激素(ACTH)濃度。結果:A組各時點VAS評分均明顯低于B組,Ramsay評分明顯高于B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.01);A組第二產程時間短于B組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);兩組產婦T0時血β-EP、Cor及ACTH濃度比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。與T0時比較,兩組產婦T1時血β-EP、Cor及ACTH濃度均明顯升高,A組產婦T1時β-EP濃度高于B組,Cor和ACTH濃度低于B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.01)。結論:右美托咪定可提高穴位電刺激產婦的分娩鎮痛效果,縮短第二產程,其機制可能與β-EP含量增加及減輕應激反應有關。
【關鍵詞】 右美托咪定; 經皮神經電刺激; 分娩鎮痛
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2018.4.001 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1674-6805(2018)04-0001-03
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Labor Analgesia in the Matermal with Transcutaneous Point Electric Stimulation/LI Li,LYU Yan,ZHAI Xiangjun,et al.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2018,16(4):1-3
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the effect of Dexmedetomidine on labor analgesia for the matermal with transcutaneous point electric stimulation.Method:A total of 100 cases were randomly divided into two groups:Dexmedetomidine combined with TENS(Group A) and TENS only(Group B).Intravenous Dexmedetomidine combined with TENS to Hegu, Sanyinjiao, Zusanli points were given in Group A until the fetus was delivered,and TENS to Hegu,Sanyinjiao,Zusanli points only in Group B. VAS/Ramsay scores at different time,Labor time,Volume of postpartum hemorrhage and Apgar score were recorded.Blood samples were taken from both groups at the time of labor(T0) and complete cervical dilationu(T1) to test the concentrations of β-endorphin,cortisol and ACTH.Result:The VAS scores of group A at each time were significantly lower than those of group B and the Ramsay scores of group A were significantly higher than those of group B(P<0.01).The second stage of labor in group A was shorter than that in group B (P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the volume of postpartum hemorrhage and Apgar score between two groups(P> 0.05).Compared with T0,the concentrations of blood β-endorphin,cortisol and ACTH in both groups significantly increased at T1(P<0.01).The concentration of β-endorphin at T1 was significantly higher in group A than that in group B (P <0.01). Cortisol and ACTH concentrations were lower than those in group B (P<0.01).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can improve the effect of labor pain on maternals with TENS and shorten the second stage of labor.The mechanism may be associated with the increase of β-EP levels and the reduction of stress responses.
【Key words】 Dexmedetomidine; Electrical nerve stimulation; Labor analgesia
First-authors address:Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology & Obstetrics,Tianjin 300100,China
針刺鎮痛歷史悠久,效果顯著。目前電針刺已廣泛用于分娩鎮痛,其中經皮神經電刺激(Transcuataneous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS)具有安全、有效和無創的優勢[1-2],但其存在著活躍期鎮痛不足的缺點。右美托咪啶是一種高選擇性α2 腎上腺素能受體激動藥,具有鎮靜、鎮痛、抑制交感神經及加快產程等優點[3]。本研究將右美托咪定聯合穴位電刺激用于分娩鎮痛,探討其臨床效果及作用機制,以期為臨床應用提供依據。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究已獲醫院醫學倫理委員會批準,并與患者簽署知情同意書。選取筆者所在醫院產科2017年1-6月收治的經陰道分娩產婦100例,隨機分為兩組(n=50):右美托咪定聯合穴位刺激組(A組)和穴位刺激組(B組)。診斷均符合第8版《婦產科學》中的診斷及分類標準[4]。納入標準:足月妊娠、單胎頭位,年齡22~35歲,體重指數25~36 kg/m2,孕38~41周。排除標準:頭盆不稱、產道異常、具有產科和內科合并癥。兩組產婦一般資料比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
產婦進入產房后開放上肢靜脈通道,以3~5 ml/(kg·h)速率輸注乳酸鈉林格液。以JPD-600母胎監測儀(京柏,深圳)監測BP、ECG、SpO2及胎心。A組產婦臨產后10 min內靜脈泵入右美托咪定(江蘇恒瑞醫藥股份有限公司,批號:H20130093)1 μg/kg,然后恒速泵注右美托咪定0.4 μg/(kg·h),同時給予TENS,主穴選擇雙側合谷穴和三陰交穴,配穴選擇足三里穴,取穴根據《中華人民共和國國家標準經穴部位(GBl2346-90)標準》。采用華佗牌SDZ-II型電子針療儀(蘇州醫療用品有限公司),選擇頻率為2 Hz/100 Hz疏密波刺激,電流強度從15 mA開始,增至引起明顯的震顫感且產婦可耐受為宜,直至第一產程結束。B組產婦臨產后僅給予TENS鎮痛,主、配穴選擇與A組相同。
1.3 觀察指標
記錄兩組產婦鎮痛前(M0)、鎮痛后15 min(M1)、鎮痛后30 min(M2)、宮口開全(M3)及胎兒娩出后(M4)VAS和Ramsay評分,產程時間、產后出血量和新生兒Apgar評分,并于臨產后(T0)和宮口開全時(T1)取靜脈血測β-內啡肽(β-EP)、皮質醇(Cor)及促腎上腺素皮質激素(ACTH)濃度。VAS得分越高,患者疼痛程度越嚴重。Ramsay得分越高,說明患者鎮靜程度越深。β-EP濃度越高,鎮痛作用越強。Cor、ACTH濃度越高,機體應激反應越重。
1.4 統計學處理
采用SPSS 16.0軟件對所得數據進行統計分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗;計數資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組VAS及Ramsay評分比較
兩組產婦在鎮痛前(M0)VAS及Ramsay評分比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。A組產婦在鎮痛后各時點VAS評分均低于B組,Ramsay評分均高于B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.01),見表2、表3。
3 討論
合谷穴為手陽明大腸經原穴,具有行氣活血、鎮靜止痛、雙向調節子宮平滑肌的功效,刺激雙側合谷穴可激活血漿β-EP而產生鎮痛作用[4]。三陰交穴為肝經、腎經、脾經交會穴,具有補氣行血、補益肝腎、調經止帶的功效,針刺三陰交穴可興奮盆腔神經叢,引起子宮收縮。本研究選取的“合谷-三陰交”為經典的“下胎對穴”,通過刺激兩穴可以達到協調宮縮和減輕分娩疼痛的效果[5]。刺激足三里穴對垂體-腎上腺髓質系統有雙向良性調節作用,將其作為分娩鎮痛的配穴,可充分發揮抑制應激反應的功效,從而維持循環功能的穩定[6]。
右美托咪定屬于咪唑類衍生物,通過作用于腦內藍斑受體和刺激神經細胞釋放膽堿樣物質來發揮鎮靜、鎮痛作用,在減輕應激反應的同時,不產生呼吸抑制[7]。Palanisamy等[8]對硬膜外分娩鎮痛效果欠佳的產婦使用右美托咪定,發現可使產婦達到滿意的鎮痛效果,且無明顯母嬰呼吸抑制。本研究結果顯示,兩種分娩鎮痛方式都能為產婦提供有效的鎮靜、鎮痛效果,但右美托咪定聯合穴位刺激效果更好,表明右美托咪定能明顯增加穴位電刺激產婦的鎮靜、鎮痛效果,從而彌補單獨穴位刺激在產程活躍期鎮痛不全的缺點。
Cor和ACTH是機體應激反應中的靈敏指標[9],劇烈的產痛可興奮下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺髓質系統,使血中Cor、ACTH的濃度迅速升高[10]。本研究顯示,兩組產婦在宮口開全時血Cor和ACTH濃度均明顯升高,但右美托咪定聯合穴位刺激組較單獨穴位刺激組明顯降低,提示右美托咪定的鎮靜、鎮痛作用可減輕產婦的應激反應,從而為產婦在胎兒娩出前儲備充足的能量[11]。
本研究中右美托咪定對產后出血量和新生兒Apgar評分無明顯影響,但可明顯縮短第二產程,其原因可能為右美托咪定能增強子宮肌層收縮的頻率強度,從而加快產程的進展[12-13]。
綜上所述,右美托咪定可明顯提高穴位電刺激產婦的分娩鎮痛效果,縮短第二產程,其機制可能與β-EP含量增加及減輕應激反應有關。
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(收稿日期:2017-12-27)