李文燕 郭亞楠 鄭昕蕊 張紅霞 于麗 江洪
[摘要] 目的 探討孕期PM2.5暴露影響子代大腦發育中HMGB1/NF-κB p65通路的作用。 方法 40只昆明小鼠孕鼠隨機分5組,每組8只。氣管滴注法向對照組注30 μL PBS,PM2.5低、中、高劑量組各注0.25920、1.56695、3.45600 μg/μL PM2.5混懸液30 μL,孕期每3天注1次,共7次??瞻捉M無處理。ELISA法檢測子代大腦皮層腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ-干擾素(IFN-γ)、高遷移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)濃度;Western blot、RT-PCR法檢測HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白及mRNA變化。 結果 ELISA示與對照組相比,高、中劑量組IFN-γ、NF-κB p65升高而HMGB1下降(P < 0.05),高劑量組TNF-α升高(P < 0.05)。Western blot示高、中劑量組與對照組相比,HMGB1下降且NF-κB p65上升(P < 0.05)。PCR示HMGB1 mRNA無變化,高劑量組NF-κB p65 mRNA高于對照組(P < 0.05)。 結論 孕期PM2.5暴露使子代鼠大腦皮層產生炎癥,HMGB1/NF-κB通路可能起重要作用。
[關鍵詞] 大腦皮層;PM2.5;γ-干擾素;腫瘤壞死因子-α;高遷移率族蛋白1;核因子κB p65;子代鼠
[中圖分類號] R715.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)04(a)-0022-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the mechanism of HMGB1/NF-κB signal pathway affecting cerebral development of offspring after exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy. Methods Fourty pregnant Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, 8 rats in each group. PM2.5 low-dose group, medium-dose group and high-dose group were instilled 30 μL PM2.5 suspension of 0.25920, 1.56695, 3.45600 μg/μL respectively by improved technique for rapid intratracheal instillation. The control group was instilled PBS of the same volume. The blank group received no treatments. Mice were instilled tracheally once every 3 days for 7 times during pregnancy. ELISA was used to measure the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, HMGB1 and NF-κB p65 in the cerebral cortex of offspring mice. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of HMGB1 and NF-κB p65. Results ELISA showed that compared with the control group, the levels of IFN-γ, NF-κB p65 and HMGB1 in the high and middle dose groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05); high-dose group TNF-α increased (P < 0.05). Western blot showed that HMGB1 decreased and NF-κB p65 increased in the high and middle dose groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). PCR showed HMGB1 mRNA unchanged; high-dose group NF-κB p65 mRNA was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy may cause inflammation in the cerebral cortex of offspring mice, and HMGB1/NF-κB pathway may play an important role.
[Key words] Cerebral cortex; PM2.5; IFN-γ; TNF-α; HMGB1; NF-κB p65; Offspring mice
大氣細顆粒物(AD≤2.5 μm,PM2.5)成分復雜,可吸附細菌、病毒、重金屬等。PM2.5通過呼吸進入機體經血液循環及胎盤影響孕婦和新生兒[1]。炎性反應是孕期PM2.5暴露影響子代認知的首要機制[2]。本課題組前期發現孕期PM2.5暴露使子代鼠心、脾、肝等臟器結構紊亂,出現炎癥等病理改變[3]。目前關于PM2.5對子代腦發育影響機制的研究尚少。本研究通過檢測孕期PM2.5暴露后子代鼠大腦皮層TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65變化,評估孕期空氣污染對胎兒神經系統的毒性作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物與模型制備
雌性昆明小鼠40只,6~8周齡,體重(34±2)g,購自青島動物實驗中心,生產許可證號:SCXK(魯)20140001。按動物倫理學標準處理動物。室溫25℃,自由飲水、進食。雌雄比2∶1合籠,次日查有陰栓者記為孕第1天。孕鼠隨機分為空白組、對照組及PM2.5低、中、高劑量組,每組8只??瞻捉M無處理;對照組注30 μL PBS;PM2.5低、中、高劑量組各注30 μL濃度為0.25920、1.56695、3.45600 μg/μL的PM2.5混懸液,采用氣管滴注法孕期每3天(即孕第1、4、7、10、13、16、19天)滴注,共7次。
1.2 PM2.5的采集和處理
用采樣器收集供暖季濰坊市大氣細顆粒物。細顆粒物濾膜裁成小塊浸入去離子水,低溫超聲振蕩,收集濾液。顆粒物懸液冷凍真空干燥,-20℃保存[4]。根據實驗用PBS稀釋細粒子。
1.3 主要試劑與儀器
HMGB1單克隆抗體購自美國Abcom公司,NF-κB p65單克隆抗體購自美國CST公司,Multiskan FC型酶標儀購自美國Thermo公司等。
1.4 實驗方法
1.4.1 ELISA檢測子代鼠大腦皮層TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65濃度變化 解剖各組2周齡子代鼠,剝離大腦皮層組織,冰上勻漿,4℃ 10 000 r/min離心15 min,測定蛋白濃度。按ELISA試劑盒操作。酶標儀測450 nm吸光度值。
1.4.2 Western blot檢測子代鼠大腦皮層HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白表達 子代鼠(2周齡)大腦皮層組織置于冰上裂解提蛋白。取30 μg蛋白樣品行SDS-PADE電泳,恒壓90 V將蛋白轉至PVDF膜。將膜置于5%脫脂奶粉中,室溫封閉抗原2 h后分別放入一抗兔抗HMGB1(1∶8000)、兔抗NF-κB p65(1∶1000)中4℃低溫搖床孵育過夜,二抗IgG室溫搖床孵育2 h。GAPDH(1∶8000)作為對照,ECL化學發光系統檢測。
1.4.3 RT-PCR檢測HMGB1、NF-κB p65 mRNA表達 測定子代鼠(2周齡)大腦皮層組織總RNA濃度和純度,各樣品反轉錄成cDNA行PCR擴增。HMGB1上游引物:5′-GGCGAGCATCCTGGCTTATC-3′,下游引物: 5′-GGCTGCTTGTCATCTGCTG-3′,擴增片段長度88 bp。NF-κB p65上游引物:5′-AGGCTTCTGGGCCTTATGTG-3′,下游引物:5′- TGCTTCTCTCGCCAGGAATAC-3′,產物長度111 bp。β-actin上游引物:5′-GGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG-3′,下游引物:5′-CCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT-3′,產物長度154 bp。PCR反應條件:95℃ 2 min,95℃ 30 s、60℃ 30 s、72℃ 30 s,30個循環,72℃延伸10 min。5 μL擴增產物1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳30 min獲圖像。
1.5 統計學方法
采用SPSS 22.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料數據用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 子代鼠大腦皮層中TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65濃度變化情況
與對照組相比,PM2.5各劑量組子代鼠大腦皮層中TNF-α、IFN-γ、NF-κB p65濃度均升高,其中,高劑量組TNF-α濃度與對照組相比,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05),高、中劑量組IFN-γ、NF-κB p65濃度與對照組相比,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05);PM2.5各劑量組與對照組相比HMGB1濃度下降,其中,高、中劑量組與對照組相比差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。對照組與空白組各指標差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 子代鼠大腦皮層中HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白表達情況
Western blot示PM2.5各劑量組與對照組相比,子代鼠大腦皮層HMGB1蛋白表達降低,NF-κB p65蛋白表升高,其中高、中劑量組差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05);對照組與空白組各指標差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見圖2、3。
2.3子代鼠大腦皮層中HMGB1及NF-κB p65 mRNA表達情況
PCR擴增產物凝膠電泳示PM2.5模型組與對照組相比,HMGB1 mRNA表達無明顯改變(P > 0.05)。高劑量組與對照組相比,子代鼠大腦皮層NF-κB p65 mRNA表達升高,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。而對照組與空白組差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見圖4、5。
3 討論
我國每年PM2.5污染可致約120萬人過早死亡和2500萬健康生命損失[5]。動物腦組織暴露于PM2.5會損傷小腦、海馬等[6-8]。生命早期是中樞神經形成的關鍵時期,孕期母體暴露于汽車尾氣顆粒物危害胎仔神經系統的正常發育[9]。污染空氣中雌鼠子代認知受損,考慮是綜合因素作用于腦的先天免疫識別基因與神經炎癥的級聯反應所致[10]。孕期PM2.5暴露對胎兒神經系統的毒性機制有待深入研究。
HMGB1是非組蛋白,在腦、肝、肺等器官極豐富。一般情況下主要在細胞內表達,參與細胞分化、DNA修復等。機體受損時,細胞內HMGB1經活化細胞主動分泌或壞死細胞被動釋放進入胞外或外周循環發揮致炎作用[11-14]。細胞外HMGB1能與晚期糖基化終末產物受體和Toll樣受體4結合[15-16],激活NF-κB通路[16-17],產生大量TNF-α等炎癥因子,引發炎癥[18-19]。本研究顯示與對照組相比,孕期PM2.5暴露導致模型組子代鼠大腦皮層中HMGB1蛋白表達下降,HMGB1 mRNA無改變,推測壞死或活化細胞經內質網-高爾基體途徑釋放HMGB1到細胞外或外周循環,星形膠質細胞等分泌的HMGB1主要來自細胞核儲備而非新合成[20],故檢測到模型組子代鼠大腦皮層HMGB1蛋白降低。PM2.5模型組NF-κB p65蛋白與對照組相比升高,高劑量組與對照組相比NF-κB p65 mRNA上升。孕期PM2.5暴露引起模型組大腦皮層TNF-α、IFN-γ濃度增高。
綜上所述,孕期一定劑量PM2.5暴露使子代鼠大腦皮層炎癥因子表達改變,HMGB1/NF-κB通路可能起關鍵作用。孕期PM2.5暴露影響子代腦發育是多機制調節的復雜過程,了解其對子代腦發育的影響對提高空氣污染預防意識及盡早建立孕婦和胎兒特異監測指標有重要意義。
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