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去酰化酶SIRT5的研究進(jìn)展

2018-06-13 10:41:50鄭春雷盧文卿車曉芳劉云鵬

鄭春雷 盧文卿 車曉芳 劉云鵬

[摘要] 長(zhǎng)壽因子5(Sirtuin 5),也叫SIRT5,是長(zhǎng)壽因子(Sirtuins)家族成員之一。除具有去乙酰化酶活性外,還具有很強(qiáng)的去琥珀酰化、去丙二酰基化及去戊二酰基化活性。現(xiàn)已明確的SIRT5的底物僅有十余種,通過對(duì)不同底物發(fā)揮相同的酶活性,或?qū)ν坏孜锇l(fā)揮不同的酶活性,參與調(diào)控葡萄糖氧化、脂肪酸氧化、氨解毒等物質(zhì)代謝和活性氧自由基(ROS)清除、抗凋亡、炎性反應(yīng)等多種生命活動(dòng)。SIRT5表達(dá)異常與腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展密切相關(guān),但其作用尚無定論。SIRT5可促進(jìn)腫瘤增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥及代謝重編程,發(fā)揮促癌基因作用;也可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和凋亡,發(fā)揮抑癌基因作用。此外,SIRT5異常還與肥厚性心肌病和心肌梗塞等心血管疾病,及帕金森病和阿爾茲海默癥等神經(jīng)代謝性疾病密切相關(guān)。本文將從SIRT5的結(jié)構(gòu)與調(diào)控、酶活性與生物學(xué)功能、及SIRT5與疾病的關(guān)系等方面進(jìn)行綜述,以全面了解SIRT5的研究現(xiàn)狀。

[關(guān)鍵詞] SIRT5;去乙酰化;去琥珀酰化;去丙二酰基化;去戊二酰基化;腫瘤

[中圖分類號(hào)] R979.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)04(a)-0042-04

[Abstract] Sirtuin 5, also called SIRT5, is a member of Sirtuins family. Besides its deacetylation activity, SIRT5 also has strong desuccinylation, demalonylation and deglutarylation activities. Therefore, SIRT5 has been attracted much attention in recent years. Currently, about more than tenproteins were identified as substrates of SIRT5. SIRT5 is involved in the regulation of glucose oxidation, ROS metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, ammonia removal, detoxification, anti apoptosis, inflammation and so on, by playing the same enzymatic activity on different substrates, or playing different enzymatic activity on the same substrate. The abnormal expression of SIRT5 is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumor, though its function is not clarified yet. SIRT5 can play the role of oncogene to promote tumor proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance and metabolic reprogramming. On the other hand, SIRT5 also play the role of tumor suppressor gene to inhibit tumor cell growth and apoptosis. In addition, SIRT5 abnormalities are also closely related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases, such as Parkinson′s disease and Alzheimer′s disease. In order to have a good comprehensive on the research progress of SIRT5, this paper reviews the structure and regulation, enzyme activity and biological function of SIRT5, and the relationship between SIRT5 and desease in details here.

[Key words] SIRT5; Deacetylation; Desuccinylation; Demalonylation; Deglutarylation; Tumor

Sirtuins家族屬于煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依賴性的Ⅲ類去乙酰化酶,包含SIRT1-SIRT7七個(gè)成員。與Sirtuins家族其他成員相比,SIRT5因其具有更大的賴氨酸酰基結(jié)合口袋的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),使其除有較弱的去乙酰化酶活性外,還有很強(qiáng)的去琥珀酰化、去丙二酰化和去戊二酰基化酶活性,近年來備受關(guān)注。琥珀酰化、丙二酰化、去戊二酰化修飾是比乙酰化更普遍的蛋白翻譯后修飾,但相關(guān)研究剛剛起步。現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的SIRT5底物蛋白僅有十余種,通過調(diào)節(jié)底物蛋白的去酰化修飾,改變其活性和功能,參與多種物質(zhì)代謝和生命活動(dòng)。SIRT5異常表達(dá)與腫瘤、心血管疾病和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病等的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。本文將全面綜述SIRT5的研究現(xiàn)狀,并提出尚待解決的問題,以期為腫瘤等疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制提供新的理論依據(jù),為疾病治療及新藥的研發(fā)提供新的思路。

1 SIRT5定位、結(jié)構(gòu)與調(diào)控

人類SIRT5基因位于6p23,可編碼310和299個(gè)氨基酸的兩種蛋白亞型[1]。SIRT5蛋白主要定位于線粒體,也存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,由14個(gè)α環(huán)和9條β鏈構(gòu)成Zn2+結(jié)構(gòu)域和Rossman折疊域,形成底物和NAD+結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。在底物結(jié)合位點(diǎn),Phe223、Leu227和Val254三個(gè)疏水殘基構(gòu)成酰化賴氨酸基團(tuán)底物的入口,兩個(gè)非疏水性殘基Tyr102和Arg105特異性識(shí)別帶負(fù)電荷的酰基賴氨酸結(jié)構(gòu),此外,Ala86殘基結(jié)構(gòu)使SIRT5具有更大的賴氨酸酰基結(jié)合口袋[2]。這種結(jié)構(gòu)特征決定了SIRT5優(yōu)先結(jié)合丙二酰基、琥珀酰基和戊二酰基等短鏈羧基,而非乙酰基[3]。因此,SIRT5的去琥珀酰化酶、去丙二酰化酶和去戊二酰化酶催化效率約比去乙酰化酶高1000倍[4]。

現(xiàn)有研究表明,SIRT5受腺苷5′-單磷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的調(diào)控。當(dāng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的氧減少時(shí),腺苷5′-單磷酸(AMP)增加,激活A(yù)MPK,后者通過磷酸化激活過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ共激活因子1-α(PGC-1α),一方面,活化的PGC-1α直接激活SIRT5;另一方面,PGC-1α通過激活包括過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體α(PPARα)在內(nèi)的許多轉(zhuǎn)錄因子激活SIRT5[5]。另外,miR-19b能夠直接靶向SIRT5的3′-UTR,抑制其蛋白表達(dá)[6]。

2 SIRT5的酶活性和生物學(xué)功能

SIRT5可以通過不同的酶活性,參與調(diào)控葡萄糖、氨基酸、脂質(zhì)等多種物質(zhì)代謝過程,并發(fā)揮抗氧化、調(diào)控細(xì)胞和線粒體凋亡和炎性反應(yīng)等生物學(xué)功能。

2.1 去乙酰化酶活性及其生物學(xué)功能

SIRT5具有較弱的去乙酰化酶活性。氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶1(CPS1)是尿素循環(huán)的限速酶,而尿酸氧化酶(UOX)將尿酸轉(zhuǎn)換為尿囊素,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為尿素排出體外。SIRT5能夠脫去CPS1[7]和UOX [8]的乙酰基并上調(diào)其活性,促進(jìn)尿素循環(huán)。SIRT5能催化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子叉頭框O3(FOXO3)的K271和K290位點(diǎn)發(fā)生去乙酰化,促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞核,阻止細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。而有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),線粒體內(nèi)膜上的細(xì)胞色素C(Cyt C)也是SIRT5 去乙酰化酶活性的底物,SIRT5通過調(diào)節(jié)Cyt C的去乙酰化水平啟動(dòng)凋亡[10]。

2.2 去琥珀酰化酶活性及其生物學(xué)功能

現(xiàn)有研究表明,SIRT5在大部分情況下通過降低底物蛋白的琥珀酰化水平提高其活性。SIRT5能夠下調(diào)UOX[8]和CPS1[11]的琥珀酰化水平,促進(jìn)尿素循環(huán),K1291可能是CPS1琥珀酰化的關(guān)鍵位點(diǎn)[11]。SIRT5過表達(dá)時(shí),酮體合成限速酶3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酞輔酶A合成酶2(HMGCS2)[12]的K83和K310位點(diǎn)、超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)[13]的K123位點(diǎn)、絲氨酸代謝限速酶絲氨酸羥甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(SHMT2)[14]的K280位點(diǎn)琥珀酰化水平下調(diào),三種酶的活性上調(diào),分別促進(jìn)酮體合成[12]、ROS的清除[13]和絲氨酸代謝過程[14]。烯酰-CoA水合酶α-亞基(ECHA)能夠參與脂肪酸氧化和支鏈氨基酸的分解代謝過程,SIRT5能夠脫去ECHAK351位點(diǎn)的琥珀酰基并上調(diào)酶活性[15-16],促進(jìn)脂肪酸氧化。此外,SIRT5也能夠脫去異檸檬酸脫氫酶2(IDH2)K413位點(diǎn)的琥珀酰基,激活I(lǐng)DH2,促進(jìn)煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的產(chǎn)生,保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受氧化損傷[17]。

少數(shù)情況下,SIRT5發(fā)揮抑制底物酶活性的作用。谷氨酰胺酶(GLS)催化谷氨酰胺合成谷氨酸,同時(shí)釋放氨,SIRT5通過下調(diào)GLS的琥珀酰化水平抑制其活性,進(jìn)而抑制谷氨酸合成及氨介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞自噬和線粒體自噬[18]。SIRT5能夠下調(diào)丙酮酸脫氫酶復(fù)合體(PDC)[19]、琥珀酸脫氫酶(SDH)[20]、M2型丙酮酸激酶(PKM2)[21]的琥珀酰化水平而抑制它們的活性,參與調(diào)控葡萄糖代謝。PKM2的關(guān)鍵琥珀酰化位點(diǎn)為K498,SIRT5還可通過抑制巨噬細(xì)胞中PKM2的琥珀酰化水平,影響其進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核形成PKM2-HIF1α復(fù)合物,下調(diào)巨噬細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng)[22]。

2.3去丙二酰基化酶及其生物學(xué)功能

SIRT5具有很強(qiáng)的去丙二酰基酶活性。敲除SIRT5后,醛縮酶B(ALDOB)和3-磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶(GAPDH)的K184丙二酰基化水平明顯上調(diào)[23],致其酶活性升高,加速了葡萄糖代謝。

2.4 去戊二酰基化酶活性及其生物學(xué)功能

SIRT5還具有去戊二酰基化酶活性。SITR5過表達(dá)時(shí),CPS1的戊二酰化水平降低,其酶活性上調(diào)[24];SIRT5還可以通過降低葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶(G6PD)的戊二酰基化水平,促進(jìn)NADPH和GSH產(chǎn)生,保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受氧化損傷[17]。

3 SIRT5與疾病的關(guān)系

SIRT5與多種疾病,尤其是代謝相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。研究SIRT5與疾病的關(guān)系,可為疾病治療及新藥的研發(fā)提供理論依據(jù)。

3.1 SIRT5與腫瘤的關(guān)系

SIRT5在腫瘤中的作用尚無定論。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,SIRT5可以發(fā)揮促癌基因的作用。在胰腺癌[25]、卵巢癌[26]、乳腺癌[27]、非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)[28]等腫瘤中檢測(cè)到SIRT5表達(dá)增高,且SIRT5表達(dá)越高,NSCLC預(yù)后越差[28]。SIRT5可通過多種機(jī)制促進(jìn)腫瘤增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥及代謝重編程。研究表明,敲除SIRT5能抑制非小細(xì)胞肺癌的生長(zhǎng),并且增加腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑、5-氟尿嘧啶等化療藥物的敏感性[28]。核因子E2相關(guān)因子2 (NRF2)是促進(jìn)NSCLC生長(zhǎng)和耐藥相關(guān)蛋白的重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。在NSCLC中,SIRT5和NRF2 mRNA水平顯著正相關(guān),抑制SIRT5會(huì)減少NRF2的表達(dá),從而降低NSCLC的生長(zhǎng)速度和耐藥程度[29]。SUN結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白2(SUN2)可通過降低葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白1(Glut1)和乳酸脫氫酶A(LDHA)的表達(dá)抑制肺癌細(xì)胞增殖、集落形成和遷移,并能通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡提高肺癌對(duì)順鉑的敏感性。SIRT5抑制SUN2活性,發(fā)揮促癌作用[30]。

SIRT5也可以發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用。在子宮內(nèi)膜癌[31]、頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[32]和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤中均檢測(cè)到SIRT5表達(dá)水平降低。SOD1過表達(dá)促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[33],當(dāng)SOD1琥珀酰化修飾位點(diǎn)發(fā)生突變時(shí),肺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)速度受到抑制[13],提示SIRT5介導(dǎo)的SOD1去琥珀酰化或許能夠抑制肺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。SIRT5能逆轉(zhuǎn)IDH突變和SDH失活引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡抵抗[32],提示SIRT5可能發(fā)揮腫瘤抑制因子的作用。

3.2 SIRT5與其他疾病的關(guān)系

除腫瘤外,SIRT5還能參與調(diào)控心血管和神經(jīng)代謝性疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。SIRT5異常表達(dá)導(dǎo)致心臟功能異常。禁食條件下,SIRT5敲除的小鼠ECHA活性降低,在8周齡時(shí)發(fā)展為肥厚性心肌病[15];心臟缺血損傷時(shí),SIRT5顯著下調(diào),通過影響SDH活性和上調(diào)ROS水平,加劇缺血再灌注損傷[34],并顯著增加心肌梗塞的程度[5]。

SIRT5缺失與帕金森病密切相關(guān)。SIRT5缺失加劇百草枯[17]和1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶[35]引起的黑質(zhì)紋狀體多巴胺神經(jīng)元變性。此外,當(dāng)阿爾茲海默癥進(jìn)展時(shí),SIRT5表達(dá)上調(diào),且與阿爾茲海默癥的神經(jīng)變性有關(guān)[36]。

由于SIRT5參與調(diào)控的下游蛋白種類繁多,我們推測(cè)SIRT5還可能參與其他多種疾病的調(diào)控過程。SIRT5與疾病的關(guān)系仍需進(jìn)一步研究,以期為疾病治療提供指導(dǎo)。

4 總結(jié)與展望

SIRT5可通過去乙酰化、去琥珀酰化、去丙二酰基化及去戊二酰基化活性參與調(diào)控物質(zhì)代謝、凋亡、炎性反應(yīng)等多種生命活動(dòng),并與疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。現(xiàn)階段,關(guān)于SIRT5的研究尚有許多問題亟待解決。SIRT5具有很強(qiáng)的去丙二酰基化和去戊二酰基化酶活性,但其研究還剛剛起步;SIRT5與疾病的關(guān)系和機(jī)制仍需更深入的研究,以期為疾病治療提供指導(dǎo)。

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