於忠偉
[摘要] 目的 探討胸段硬膜外阻滯對擴張型心肌病心力衰竭的臨床治療價值。 方法 選擇2015年1月~2017年6月浙江省湖州市德清醫院收治的擴張型心肌病合并心力衰竭者80例,根據治療方案分為對照組和觀察組,各40例。對照組入組者實施常規內科保守治療,觀察組實施有創胸段硬膜外主觀內穿刺并給予局部麻醉藥,所有入組者觀察時間點均以治療療程內為起點,比較干預后3 d,兩組應激相關因子:血漿腎上腺素(E)及去甲腎上腺素(NE)水平變化;干預后1個月,超聲心動圖指標左室內徑及左室射血分數變化;干預后1 d及干預后1周,兩組腦鈉肽(BNP)變化趨勢。 結果 干預前兩組血漿E及NE水平比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),干預后3 d,兩組血漿E及NE水平均顯著低于干預前(P < 0.05),且干預后觀察組血漿E及NE水平顯著低于對照組(P < 0.05)。干預前兩組超聲心動圖指標中左室內徑及左室射血分數等比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);干預后1個月,觀察組超聲心動圖指標中左室內徑及左室射血分數優于干預前,且干預后觀察組超聲心動圖指標中左室內徑及左室射血分數優于干預后對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05);干預前兩組BNP水平比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),兩組干預后1 d及干預后1周,其BNP水平均低于干預前,干預后1 d及干預后1周,觀察組BNP水平均顯著低于同時間點對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 針對擴張型心肌病合并心力衰竭患者,實施胸段硬膜外阻滯,對降低機體應激反應,延緩心肌擴張,改善心肌氧耗,促進心衰恢復有重要價值。
[關鍵詞] 胸段硬膜外阻滯;擴張型心肌病;心力衰竭;超聲心動圖;應激反應
[中圖分類號] R541.6 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)04(b)-0127-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical value of thoracic epidural blockade for heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods From January 2015 to June 2017, 80 cases with heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy in Deqing Hospital in Huzhou City were selected and divided into control group and observation group, each group with 40 cases. The control group was received routine medical conservative treatment, the observation group were underwent invasive thoracic epidural subjective intrathecal anesthesia and local anesthesia. All patients were observed during hospitalization. All participants were observed at the time point within the course of treatment as a starting point, 3 days after intervention the two group with stress related factors: plasma levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) were compared. One month after intervention, the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction changes were compared, one day and one week after intervention, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) trends were compared also. Results There was no significant difference in plasma E and NE levels between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05). Three days after intervention, plasma E and NE levels in both groups were significantly lower than those before intervention (P < 0.05). After intervention, the levels of plasma E and NE in the observation group were significantly lower than control group (P < 0.05). Before the intervention, the left ventricular diameter and the left had no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). After intervention, the left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular ejection fraction of echocardiography in observation group were better than before intervention, and the left ventricular diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction of echocardiography in observation group after intervention were better than control group after intervention, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in BNP levels between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05). The levels of BNP in the two groups were lower than those before the intervention, the levels of BNP in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion For patients with dilated cardiomyopathy complicated with heart failure, the implementation of thoracic epidural block has important value in reducing stress response, delaying myocardial expansion, improving myocardial oxygen consumption and promoting heart failure recovery.
[Key words] Thoracic epidural block; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Heart failure; Echocardiography; Stress response
擴張型心肌病隨著病程的延長,將可能出現心力衰竭,當患者出現交感神經興奮性的增高、細胞及神經因子水平的改變而出現交感神經重構[1]。一旦發展為心力衰竭后將導致支配心臟交感與副交感神經水平的功能失衡,進一步加重冠狀動脈阻力增加、血小板激活、血栓形成[2],導致心肌再灌注損傷、鈣離子超載等影響心臟穩定性的因素,導致心律失常甚至猝死發生[3]。擴張型心肌病目前臨床上尚無有效的逆轉疾病發展的手段,如何有效地延緩疾病進展是目前治療的重點。故如何有效地降低擴張型心肌病合并心力衰竭患者心臟交感神經興奮性,對于改善左心室功能,提高患者預后有重要意義[4]。研究稱,胸段硬膜外穿刺椎管內給藥能有效的抑制心臟交感神經興奮性,降低心肌后負荷,抑制心室重構,對于改善心力衰竭患者臨床癥狀效果可靠[5]。本研究主要探討胸段交感神經阻滯對擴張型心肌病所致心力衰竭的臨床價值,現報道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2015年1月~2017年6月浙江省湖州市德清醫院收治的擴張型心肌病合并心力衰竭者80例,診斷上依據其臨床表現、生化檢查結合影像學手段檢查確診。排除其他原發性心臟疾病、高血壓心臟病所致心力衰竭、甲狀腺相關疾病所致心力衰竭、微循環功能障礙、凝血功能障礙等。根據治療方案分為觀察組和對照組,每組各40例。觀察組:男21例,女19例;年齡41~75歲,平均(68.3±2.0)歲;合并高血壓者30例,飲酒者15例,吸煙者21例,入組時美國紐約心臟病學會(NYHA)心功能分級:Ⅲ級10例,Ⅳ級30例;明確擴張型心肌病程:1~15年,平均(8.3±0.9)年;合并心力衰竭時間4~48 h,平均(13.1±0.5)h。對照組:男20例,女20例;年齡40~75歲,平均(68.5±2.0)歲;合并高血壓者31例,飲酒者14例,吸煙者20例;入組時NYHA心功能分級:Ⅲ級9例,Ⅳ級31例;明確擴張型心肌病程:1~16年,平均(8.2±0.9)年;合并心力衰竭時間4~48 h,平均(13.0±0.5)h。兩組性別、年齡、NYHA心功能分級與相關疾病病程等比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 干預方法
所有對照組入組者實施常規內科保守治療,如吸氧、嚴格臥床、心電監護、飲食調控、計算出入水量并進行調控、抗凝抗血小板治療、心肌營養支持、強心、利尿、擴血管等,并注意觀察患者疾病進行情況,針對存在嚴重心律失常者,及時進行藥物或電復率;觀察組實施有創胸段硬膜外主觀內穿刺并給予局部麻醉藥,所有操作均由麻醉醫師實施,施術前明確患者凝血功能及血常規,針對使用抗凝治療者,改行低分子肝素替換治療,排除合并脊柱畸形及穿刺部位感染、神經疾病者,穿刺時選擇右側胸膝臥位,定位胸3~4椎間隙行穿刺置管及給藥,穿刺成功后于頭端置管3~5 cm,連接電子輸注泵,將0.5%利多卡因持續泵入體內,速度為2 mL/h,治療期間注意觀察患者生命體征及不適情況,并以連續1周為1個療程,連續治療4個療程為1個治療周期。
1.3 觀察指標
所有入組者觀察時間點均以治療療程內為起點,比較干預后3 d,兩組應激相關因子:血漿腎上腺素(E)及去甲腎上腺素(NE)水平變化;干預后1個月,超聲心動圖指標左室內徑及左室射血分數變化;干預后1 d及干預后1周,兩組腦鈉肽(BNP)變化趨勢。
1.4 評估標準
心臟彩色超聲相關指標主要檢測左室射血分數與左室內徑,檢測儀器為飛利浦EPIQ 7型2.5 MHz超聲探頭;血漿E(正常值380~2365 pmol/L)及NE(正常值0~380 pmol/L)檢查采用高效液相-電化學法,以上實驗試劑盒均由美國Phoenix Pharmaceuticals公司提供;BNP檢查通過放射免疫法(正常值<200 pg/mL)。
1.5 統計學方法
采用SPSS 13.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗,組內均數不同時間觀察點比較,采用重復測量方差分析;計數資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 干預前后兩組應激相關因子水平變化
干預前兩組血漿E及NE水平比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);干預后3 d,兩組血漿E及NE水平均顯著低于干預前(t=81.095、30.926,131.626、82.770,均P < 0.05),且干預后觀察組血漿E及NE水平顯著低于對照組(t′=48.496、66.808,均P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 干預前后超聲心動圖指標比較
干預前兩組超聲心動圖指標中左室內徑及左室射血分數等比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);干預后1個月,觀察組超聲心動圖指標中左室內徑及左室射血分數優于干預前(t=2.101、58.324,均P < 0.05),且干預后觀察組超聲心動圖指標中左室內徑及左室射血分數優于干預后對照組,差異均有統計學意義(t=3.570、20.484,均P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 干預過程中兩組BNP水平變化
干預前兩組BNP水平比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);兩組干預后1 d及干預后1周,BNP水平均低于干預前(P < 0.05),觀察組BNP水平均顯著低于同時間點對照組(P < 0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
擴張型心肌病隨著病程的延長,絕大多數患者將出現心力衰竭[6-7]。其可引起心肌細胞內鈣超載,心臟自律性及伸縮性均增加表現,心肌氧耗量增加,進一步加重心肌細胞損傷[8]。擴張型心肌病合并心力衰竭時,體內兒茶酚胺相關激素水平顯著升高,進而導致BNP水平的升高[9]。胸段硬膜外阻滯能有效降低心肌交感神經興奮性,對降低心肌前后負荷,改善心肌供氧需平衡均有重要意義[10-11]。