應常偉
[摘 要]高中英語閱讀教學中的主線式問題設計要充分把握教學節奏和學生即時反饋,關注核心素養培養在課堂上的落實,圍繞教學目標,直指語言輸出。有效而合理的主線式問題設計能引導學生在解讀文本、理解文本和體驗文本的過程中提升語言能力,發展閱讀技能,提高思維品質。
[關鍵詞]高中英語;閱讀教學;主線式問題設計
[中圖分類號] G633.41 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-6058(2018)13-0032-03
一、課例背景
本課例是2017年浙江省高中英語課堂教學評比中的一堂閱讀課,由筆者執教。本節課因其設計新穎,步驟流暢,教學效果良好,學生表現踴躍,在本次比賽中獲得評委和觀摩教師的好評,并獲得一等獎。反思教學,反思課堂,現對本堂課的教學設計作詳細分析,并在此基礎上提出自己基于主線式問題設計的閱讀教學淺見。
二、教學內容分析和學生分析
1. 教學內容分析。本節課的教學文本是一篇題為I was Waiting for Something Big的文章(見本文末)。該文通過一個具有情節高潮和沖突的故事,表達如下觀點:每個人的努力方式會因為個體的性格特征不同而不同,這當中沒有孰對孰錯的問題,在乎的是屬于自己的投入和努力過程。本公開課的上課材料詞匯量并不算大,但是要深度讀懂文章,形成對文章主題的理解是有較大難度的。高一學生現有的水平與材料本身還存在一定差距。
2. 學生分析。筆者執教的是建德嚴州中學的高一學生。嚴州中學為當地省一級重點中學,學生綜合素養優,閱讀能力較強,但高一學生的詞匯積累和閱讀技能仍較為有限。雖然部分生詞會加大理解的難度,但是如果借助給定的參考詞匯并運用根據語境猜讀等技巧,學生是完全有能力完成閱讀任務并最終理解這一篇章的。
三、主線問題的設計原則
“主線問題”來源于語文教學中的“板塊閱讀教學”,有效的主線問題設計能最大限度減少次重點和非重點的問題,使課堂教學時時刻刻圍繞教學目標展開,使學生時時刻刻關注閱讀課中的重點,同時通過串聯繁雜的問題,形成精準的情境化問題鏈,大幅度提高學生的閱讀學習力和課堂效率。有效的主線問題設計一般可遵循以下原則:
1. 基于文本的充分解讀。閱讀教學的過程是一個高度綜合的過程,對文本深入而多元的解讀是英語閱讀教學的邏輯起點。(葛炳芳,2013)可以這樣說,教學設計的起點應是教師對教學文本多角度、多維度的深入研讀和解讀,在此基礎上理出文章的脈絡和主題,設計閱讀教學的問題、任務和活動。
2. 基于教學重難點的突破。閱讀教學是教師幫助學生理解文本、拓展內涵、發展思維的一個連續進展的過程,問題設計一定要凸顯整節閱讀課的核心主線。(梁美珍,等,2013)也就是說,教師必須對整個篇章的行文邏輯和發展脈絡有清晰的把握,問題設計要基于文本的核心主線,有側重點,刪減不必要的設計和處理,著重處理重要信息,牢牢把握課堂教學中重難點的突破。
3. 基于學生的現狀和需求。學生是英語課堂的主體,有效的主線問題設計要基于學生的原有認知、知識儲備和過往經驗進行適切的問題設計和任務設計,關注學生的理解表達能力、語言能力與本堂課設定的教學目標和重難點之間的差距,教師應時時具備“支架搭建”意識,通過分析學生需求,提供有效的幫助,保證學生輸出的質量。
四、教學目標設定
筆者在設定教學目標的過程中以高中英語核心素養為綱,基于“要到哪里去—怎么去—為什么這樣去”,特別關注學生的最終輸出和保證輸出質量的閱讀活動設計,閱讀過程完成語言、情節和思維的鋪墊。本節課主要的教學目標有:
1. 學生能夠通過關注兩位主要人物的主要動作如hear、take ones bow、know、practice、imagine、be used to、play、dream、read、beg、be forced to、figure和say 歸納出兩位主角對待acting的看似完全不同的態度。
2. 學生能夠通過分析人物的動作變化和言語邏輯矛盾判斷“facts”和“opinions”,并最終全面理解人物性格特征。
3. 學生能夠基于人物性格特征,猜測文章中Brad部分的留白內容,并給出合理的情節或細節補充,最終理解顯性和隱性這兩種不同形式的“hard work”。
4. 學生通過思考“open questions”理解作者的寫作手法和語言鋪設。
5. 學生通過小組合作,基于文章的理解和學習,創編接續性的一個短對話,運用課堂語言詞匯,情節合理,思維開放。
五、教學過程
教學設計圍繞“something big”核心詞展開,沿著文章脈絡before the casting call、at the casting call、the ending探尋人物性格特征、文章主題、作者寫作手法和意圖,開展一系列閱讀活動。
Step 1. Warming up
At the beginning of the class, students listen to an audio of a real case about a student Ben being bothered by the comparison with his classmate in the ways they work and the results they receive. Students give their own idea of this case and get prepared for the story in the reading material.
【設計說明】教師播放一段來自學生的電話錄音,兩種看上去完全不同的學習投入方式所產生的“不公平”結果引發學生對“unfair?”的思考并表達自己的看法,同時順利過渡到文章的故事內容。
Step 2. Reading
1. Students read the passage with the title “I was Waiting for Something Dig” and find out the “big thing” in the story.
2. Students focus on Para.1—4 and circle out all the verbs of the two brothers in the passage and underline three statements in the process.
3. Students point out the attitude of each role towards acting according to the verbs they have found.
【設計說明】學生通過閱讀文章查找出“the big thing”,也即兩兄弟所面對的目標。這是文章的中心詞,從中心詞設計文章的主線問題。同時鎖定文章casting call前的內容,查找出兩兄弟的動作(動詞),從中歸納出兩個人對待做演員這件事情看似完全不同的態度。
4. Focus on the rest of the story.
Students analyze Para.4 to Para.7 again and find out the deeds of the two main characters. But this time they focus more on the behavior of Brad, especially the paradox in his words. Students finally understand the real attitude of Brad.
【設計說明】學生通過細讀故事后半部分,關注Brad的動作特別是前后矛盾的話語和Brad的表現,獲知Brad的真實態度。
5. Students try to help Steven figure out his puzzles by understanding Brads reply, the title of the story(I was waiting for something big), especially the word “waiting”. Students work in groups and guess what Brad might have done in each period from childhood and finally understand that “waiting” equals “preparing”.
【設計說明】學生通過小組討論,猜測Brad在文章中未被提及的部分到底做了哪些Steven沒有關注到的和看到的事,從而充分理解文章標題也即Brad最后的回答中waiting的真正含義(不是“等待”而是“準備”,是為了這重要一刻的默默準備)。至此獲知人物性格特點(hardworking and quietly ambitious)。
6. The three statements from the passage are shown in detail and students judge whether these statements are facts or just Stevens opinions. Then they figure out the personalities of Steven finally.
【設計說明】教師再次詳細呈現之前的三個statements,引導學生判定,這三個表述是客觀事實還是僅僅為Steven的個人片面想法而已,至此完整歸納出Steven的人物性格特征(hardworking and self-esteemed)。
7. Students think hard about the following open questions and understand the way the author made the climax astonishing.
A. If steven hadnt asked Brad to the casting,would Brad have appeared?
B.“Then he read, and,as usual,he was good.”Why did the author use“good”here?Why not fantastic,marvelous,awsome...?
C.Why did the author seldom mention Brad at the beginning and“hide him away”?
【設計說明】學生通過開放式的問題,進行思維訓練,鍛煉評判性思維能力,充分理解故事人物和作者的寫作手法。
Step 3. Dialogue
Students work in pairs and design a possible dialogue between the brothers after the declaration of the possible result. Each dialogue covers these following aspects:
1. The preparation work of both.
2. Their love for acting.
3. Their own understanding of hard work and success.
【設計說明】在基于文章閱讀完成語言鋪墊、情節鋪墊和思維鋪墊的基礎上,學生通過設計短對話,應用本節課上的語言表達(部分圈劃的動詞和黑板上的形容詞),把握人物特征,設計合理對話內容,呈現對兩種不同努力方式的理解。
Step 4. Homework
·Write a possible ending according to the reading and students dialogues.
·Share their drafts with fellow classmates.
Step 5. The end
伴隨著下課鈴響,教師結束了本節公開課。
六、反思與啟示
1. 主線式閱讀教學要充分把握教學節奏和學生即時反饋。由于主線式閱讀教學主線問題設計環環相扣,需要學生有較強的持續關注力,因而教師需要智慧把控課堂教學節奏,關注學生的課堂即時反饋。教學中的過渡和銜接部分以及教學環節的交替,教師用語應力求簡潔、明快、緊湊;對于明確和簡易的環節,節奏宜快,甚至可以“跳躍”,讓學生不感到拖沓,不感到厭煩;教師的教學指令、評價性語言應簡明扼要,到點到位,個性化和具體化。但是面對教材的重難點,教學節奏宜緩,緩而不松,疏而不虛,多層次、小臺階分步訓練。課堂教學時間珍貴,做到“好鋼用在刀刃上”十分關鍵,同時給學生充分的wait time 閱讀和思考,理解和消化。這樣的教學節奏高低起伏,張弛得當,有利于集中學生注意力,提高課堂教學效果。
2. 關注核心素養在實踐課堂上的落實。主線式閱讀教學不僅要關注知識與技能、過程與方法,也應體現情感態度與價值觀。同時在問題和任務設計過程中要靈活安排信息輸入、信息加工和語言輸出三大類問題。在本節課中,教師設計了識記、理解和應用等低階思維活動(Bloom,1956),同時設計了分析、評價和創新等高階思維活動( David, 2002),在語言學習基礎上,注重學生英語思維和評判思維的培養,體現對學生英語學科核心素養(語言能力、思維品質、文化品格和學習能力)的培養所做的努力。筆者在本節課的課堂活動設計中,有意識地涉及這四個方面。教師不僅關注學生的英語知識基礎,同時還關注學生對英語這門學科的情感體驗。(王薔,2015)
3. 問題和任務設計要圍繞教學目標,直指語言輸出。一堂課成功與否關鍵還在于學生的輸出質量以及輸出內容與教學目標的切合度。要保證學生達成課堂既定目標,“走得遠,不跑偏”,要求教師緊緊圍繞教學目標展開各項活動,要不斷為學生的輸出搭建充分的內容、語言、思維、評價等方面的支架,同時保證閱讀與輸出之間的合理信息差,促進學生思維的發散性和獨創性,使輸出有新意,有誠意。
七、結語
問題是思維的起點,有效而合理的主線式問題創設能引導學生在解讀文本、理解文本和體驗文本的過程中提升語言能力,發展閱讀技能,增強思維品質。21世紀創新人才更需要學習和創新技能、批判性思維能力、解決復雜問題的能力、創造性的思考能力等。(龔亞夫,2015)因此作為創新人才培養者的英語教師要不斷修煉內功,提升自身素養,借助文本解讀,多維度、多角度設計出具備思維含量和品質的問題及問題鏈,指導學生深入解讀文本,增強學生分析和解決問題的能力,促進學生英語核心素養的不斷提升。
[ 參 考 文 獻 ]
[1] Bloom B S, Engelhart M D, Furst E J, et al. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook I[M]. New York: David McKay,1956.
[2] David R Krathwohl. A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy:An Overview[J].Theory Into Practice,2002(4).
[3] 龔亞夫. 構建英語教育的核心素養體系[DB/OL].(2015-04-14).http://blog.sina.com.cn/shangzhiyizhong.
[4] 王薔. 從綜合語言運用能力到英語學科核心素養:高中英語課程改革的新挑戰[J]. 英語教師, 2015(16).
[5] 葛炳芳. 英語閱讀教學的綜合視野:內容、思維和語言[M]. 杭州:浙江大學出版社,2013.
[6] 梁美珍,黃海麗,於晨,等. 英語閱讀教學中的問題設計:評判性閱讀視角[M]. 杭州:浙江大學出版社,2013.
附:教學材料
Steven had had his first starring role in kindergarten, playing a talking stone in a class play. From the moment that he heard the applause and took his bows, he knew he wanted to be an actor. He “drew” his name as it would look at a theatre. In his mind, he “practiced” his acceptance speech to the Academy Awards.“I want to thank my agent...” he imagined himself saying to the crowd.
By sixth grade, he was used to starring in school productions. He played Romeo in this years Junior Shakespeare Festival. His brother said he was probably the first Romeo in the history of theater to have braces. Steven liked everything about acting—except for his brothers comments about it. Brad was not interested in acting.
Steven dreamed of going to California or New York when he got older. Meanwhile, he read the “trades” at the library—the newspapers and magazines of the acting business. He couldnt believe it when he saw that there was going to be an open casting call in his own Midwestern city. He begged his parents to take him, but they worked on Saturdays and they couldnt take the day off. He was forced to ask his older brother, the critic.
The part called for a boy who looked about 14. Steven figured he could pass. Unlike Brad, Steven looked older than his age. Brad, on the other hand, at 16 looked more like 14. The boys arrived early at the theater where the tryouts were taking place. There were already over 200 kids there. Steven picked up his application. Brad picked up one, too—“just for fun,” he said. Each of them then studied the short script theyd been handed. Like all the other kids, they mouthed the words over and over. Some kids found quiet spaces to read their lines aloud, with all the right emotion.
Steven asked Brad to listen to his reading. “Okay, but you have to listen to mine, too.”
“Deal,” Steven answered. Then he read, and, as usual, he was good. Next, it was Brads turn. Steven couldnt believe what he was seeing and hearing. Why hadnt Brad ever tried out for a play? Where had he gotten all this talent all of a sudden? He asked his brother, “Why havent you tried before?”
“I was waiting for something big,” Brad replied.
(參考詞匯略)
(責任編輯 周侯辰)