文/陳德彰
VI. 簡練
簡潔是英文的一個重要原則,正如一則英諺說的:Simplicity is the best of style.(簡潔是最好的風格。)然而漢語講究對仗和四平八穩,許多四字成語更是常出現疊床架屋式的重復,也許這是我國傳統美學的一個標準。查一下漢英成語詞典就可以發現許多例子。此外,從結構來看,漢語多用動詞和動詞短語,而英語多用名詞和名詞性短語,這也使英語顯得簡練。有的翻譯在這方面做得不錯,例如“詩中有畫,畫中有詩”的譯文painting in poetry, poetry in painting就非常簡練,沒有用there be的結構,反而很有點詩意。而“道法自然”譯為“Dao operates naturally.”,也是簡潔的佳譯。
1)原文:盡其心者,知其性也。譯文:He who exerts his mind to the utmost knows his nature (xing).
點評:exerts his mind to the utmost是疊床架屋,因為exert本身包含了work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy(竭力)的意思(見《朗文當代高級英語辭典》第847頁),沒有必要再加上to the utmost,說do one’s utmost/best就夠了。
2)原文:人有雞犬放,則知求之……學問之道無他,求其放心而已矣。譯文:He who loses his fowls or dogs knows to look for them and bring them back. ... The way of learning is nothing other than searching for one’s lost heart.
點評:將這一句的英譯改變一下詞序:However, one may not know to look for his heart when he loses it. 意思可以更明確,便于以英語為母語的人讀上去舒服,也更好理解。此外,啰唆的nothing other than最好改為no other than。
簡練固然很重要,但是不能損害原文的意思。王國維的“自編《人間詞話》選”中有這樣一句話:“境界,本也;氣格、神韻,末也。境界具,而二者隨之矣。”我見到的初稿譯為:Once visionary world is there, personal character and charm will follow. 句首的visionary world就顯得太簡單,變成“虛構世界”了。改為:Once the literary works attains the level of visionary world it will naturally give manifestation of the author’s personal character and charm.這意思就清楚了,由于保留了原譯的句子結構,文字仍不失簡潔之風。
實際上句子和句子以上單位的翻譯可能涉及多方面問題。下面是對幾則譯文的點評。
1)原文:形而后有氣質之性,善反之,則天地之性存焉。譯文:As physical matters take up their shape, it acquires the nature of the qi (vital force)substance; if we are skilled, then the nature endowed by Heaven and Earth will be preserved in it.
點評:第一,take up a shape的搭配不符合英語習慣,一個take就足夠了,也可以用assume、form等動詞。第二,代詞it指代不清楚,前面的clause中有matters和shape兩個名詞,不可能指這兩個中的任何一個,而應該是“天地之性”。實際上這句譯文結構本身有問題,如果將it改為which,成為一個非限制性關系從句,意思就明確了。第三,分號后的分句用if... then結構不足以表達原文中“善反之”的意思,為什么不用on the contrary之類的連接呢?第四,最后in it中的it也讓人不知指什么,還不如刪去。
2)原文:子貢問曰:“有一言而可以終身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。”譯文:Zigong asked: “Is there a single one word that can act upon throughout life serving as a lasting principle for conduct?”Confucius replied, “Surely that is the word ‘forbearance’! Do not do to others what you would not wish others to do you for yourself.”
點評:此譯中的a single one word意為“一個單一的詞”,顯然不是原意,應改為 any。that can act upon throughout life有兩個問題:首先,word不能作為act的邏輯主語,而將in one’s whole life改為throughout one’s life可以表達出強調;其次,孔子回答中,surely一詞完全可以刪去,would not wish others to do you for yourself不但啰嗦,而且語氣太重,簡單一個want也許更能表達原意,也更符合英語的習慣用法。
3)原文:術者,因任而授官,循名而責實,操殺生之柄,課群臣之能者也。譯文:The method (of governance) is to bestow office according to responsibilities,who was required to carry out / perform (make reality i.e. responsibility) duties correspond to as was required by the name (i.e. the office), exercise power over life and death and identify officials with outstanding capabilities.
點評:第一,將“術”譯為method(方法)不確切,因為“術”的含義更泛,《現代漢語詞典》對此詞的定義還包括“技藝”“學術”“策略”等。第二,perform之后所加的說明似乎沒有必要。第三,identify officials with outstanding capabilities意思不清楚。根據《辭海》,這里的“課”應該是“考核”的意思,“課群臣之能者”也許可譯為exam and assess the ability of officials而不是“認同官員出色的能力”。此外,capabilities一詞不如ability更確切。第四,exercise之前需加上動詞不定式符號to,否則不符合句法。最后,correspond to as was required by the name中,介詞to后應該是名詞或名詞短語,將as改為what更好一些。
4)原文:所謂誠其意者,毋自欺也。如惡惡臭,如好好色,此之謂自謙(qiè)。譯文:Being sincere in one’s thought is to no self-deception, hating hateful smells or loving lovely colors as one hates undesirable smells or likes lovely colors. That is what is called satisfied with oneself.
點評:首先,譯文第一個句子有語病。其中的being sincere...成了一個-ing分詞短語構成的“懸垂結構”(dangling structure),其邏輯主語應該是句子本身的主語,可是根本找不到謂語動詞(hates是as引導的從句的主語),因此不是一個完整的句子。其次,sincere in one’s thought有問題,thought是思想或想法,談不上是否sincere,應該改用attitude、intention之類的詞,而to no self-deception中的介詞to不知道表示什么關系。再次,called satisfied with oneself語法也有問題,satisfied with oneself不但太啰嗦,不如改成self-satisfaction簡潔明了。而且從語法上說,satisfied with oneself也不能做call的賓語。
5)原文:“義”為根本,“法”隨“義”而變化,根據“義”的表達需要而選擇靈活多樣的寫作技法,在敘事之中寓褒貶論斷。譯文:Yi is primary, and fa adjusts accordingly to express the content in a flexible and varied way, so that the argument and tone are clear.
點評:首先,so that用于表示結果,要表示“才能做到”的意思,可說so as to ensure (that…)。其次,原文中的“褒貶”意為“好壞”,不是泛指論證和語氣。tone有“格調”之意,盡管“格調”有高低之分,但和“褒貶”尚有出入,建議可用 (so as to retain its) merits and demerits。
實際上,有些看起來很簡單的語句或比喻也不見得那么容易翻譯,例如習近平總書記在談到從嚴治黨和反腐時,反復強調的“打鐵還需自身硬”就是一例。China Daily意譯為 (to address these problems, ) we must first of all conduct ourselves honorably;英國媒體譯為:The blacksmith needs a hammer that is tougher than the iron to be forged.筆者見到的譯法還有:The metal itself must be hard to be turned into iron. 此譯似乎有點不通,打鐵中加工的是軟鋼,打制后要蘸水才會變硬。最新的官方譯法是:It takes a good blacksmith to make good steel. 此譯缺乏常識:blacksmith是鐵匠,make steel是“煉鋼”,煉鋼一般要將鐵融化成液態再熔煉,這是鋼鐵工人的活兒,稱他們為“鐵匠”是不對的。另外,十九大報告中將“還需”改為“必須”,這是很重要的改動,但最新的譯法也沒有表達出這一含義。
有些翻譯還有非常低級的錯誤,如主語和謂語動詞不一致,也許是由于時間緊迫,尤其是不少人利用業余時間進行翻譯。但是翻譯不能馬虎,否則往小處說會誤人子弟,往大處說會影響外事工作的成效。許多翻譯工作者都謙虛地說,我們只是“翻譯匠”。其實,“匠”表示一種職業或專業,稱“匠”也是不容易的。我們要發揚“工匠精神”,精益求精。愿以此與大家共勉。