國(guó)家游泳中心水上公園，北京，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：PTW建筑事務(wù)所+CCDI悉地國(guó)際+奧雅納

Architects: PTW + CCDI + ARUP

1 水立方夜景/Night view

對(duì)于任何一個(gè)主辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的城市而言，耗資巨大的體育場(chǎng)館賽后的經(jīng)營(yíng)運(yùn)作及日常管理最終會(huì)成為政府、場(chǎng)館經(jīng)營(yíng)管理者所要面臨的一大難題，這也是人們常提起的“后奧運(yùn)”話題?！八⒎健弊鳛橐粋€(gè)游泳、跳水、水球等與水有關(guān)的場(chǎng)館，在場(chǎng)館運(yùn)營(yíng)上早已做好了未雨綢繆的準(zhǔn)備。建筑師希望人們能在賽后繼續(xù)感受到水的一切，體驗(yàn)關(guān)于水的一切，進(jìn)而愛上這棟建筑。

早在2003年設(shè)計(jì)方案競(jìng)賽時(shí)，“水立方”就根據(jù)北京市委市政府的指示，引入場(chǎng)館賽后運(yùn)營(yíng)概念。為了不使奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館賽后成為負(fù)擔(dān)，最初參考悉尼水上中心的運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，將戲水池的面積增大，盡量減少永久座椅。賽前17,000個(gè)座椅中有4000～6000個(gè)設(shè)定為永久性的，只為滿足賽后日常需求。臨時(shí)座椅和可移動(dòng)座椅拆除后，取而代之的是兩部分自由空間。除了增加臨時(shí)建筑和設(shè)施，水立方利用自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在賽后的運(yùn)營(yíng)中結(jié)合體育賽事及旅游項(xiàng)目實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)合場(chǎng)館的功能。改造之后的水上公園被營(yíng)造出一種夢(mèng)幻的感覺，受眾主體定位在青少年運(yùn)動(dòng)健身和家庭水上娛樂，場(chǎng)館空間的改建具備明顯的戲劇化、趣味化特質(zhì)。嬉水公園、兒童體驗(yàn)館、泡泡吧、培訓(xùn)中心等多種建筑功能的疊加，使其經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與社會(huì)效益結(jié)合，持續(xù)服務(wù)于全民健身和城市生活。

從一個(gè)氣泡開始，水立方與鳥巢遙相呼應(yīng)：一方一圓，陰陽(yáng)虛實(shí)，和諧共處。無論是在賽時(shí)還是賽后，水立方都能成為為人們提供快樂與美好記憶的載體?！?/p>

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 北京市國(guó)有資產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)有限責(zé)任公司/Beijing State-owned Assets Management Co., Ltd.

概念設(shè)計(jì)師/Architect: PTW + CCDI + ARUP

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 69,000m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 87,200m2

建筑高度/Building Height: 31m

設(shè)計(jì)/竣工時(shí)間/Design/Completion: 2003/ 2008

2 自然光線下的嬉水公園/Theme Park in daylight

3 施工中的ETFE膜/ETFE bubbles under construction

4 幾何構(gòu)成分析/The pattern analyse

5 賽后首層平面/Ground floor plan after Olympic Games

6 賽后剖面/Section after Olympic Games

For any city that hosts the Olympic Games, the operation and routine management of costly sports venues after the Games will ultimately turn into a big challenge facing the government and venue operators, namely "post-Olympics" talked about frequently. The Water Cube, as water related venue designed for swimming, diving and water polo, etc., has been prepared well for venue operation; architects hope people continue to feel everything about the water after the Games, to experience everything about water, and to fondle this building.

As far back as the design scheme competition in 2003, the concept of post-Games venue operation was introduced to the Water Cube as directed by Beijing municipal party committee and municipal government. In order to prevent the Olympics venues turning into a burden after the Games, the paddling pool was enlarged while the number of permanent seats was minimised based on the operation experience of Sydney's Aquatic Centre. With the post-Games routine needs in mind, the 17,000 seats only contained 4,000-6,000 permanent seats. Two free spaces were created by removing the temporary seats and movable seats. In addition to adding temporary buildings and facilities, the Water Cube turns into a complex venue of sports events and tourism programs in post-Games operation by dint of its own strengths. The water park established through transformation conveys a fantastic feeling, targeting at youngsters' exercise & fitness and family water entertainment. The venue space renovation exhibits obvious dramatic and funny properties. The multiplexing of architectural features, such as dabbling park, children's experience hall, bubble bar and training centre, etc. enable a combination of economic and social benefits, offering continuous service for all in fitness and city life.

Starting with a bubble, the Water Cube echoes the Bird's Nest to create such a scene that a round structure and a square one are in harmony with each other. The Water Cube carries people's happy and wonderful memories before and after the Games.□

7 水上主題公園/Dynamic Theme Park

8 泡泡公園平面局/Plan of Bubble Park

9 自然光線下的嬉水公園/Theme Park in daylight

10 泡泡公園入口/The entrance of Bubble Park

評(píng)論

鄭時(shí)齡：在中國(guó)快速生長(zhǎng)的都市環(huán)境中，一座建筑能夠在10年之后依然散發(fā)其魅力，是一種幸運(yùn)。以北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)為背景的國(guó)家游泳中心（水立方），自2003年方案公布時(shí)起，就不斷引起全世界的廣泛關(guān)注，因?yàn)槲覀儤O少看到境外建筑機(jī)構(gòu)在中國(guó)的作品，能夠有著如此和諧的中國(guó)文化隱喻。正方形是中國(guó)城市和建筑的禮制原型，甚至是社會(huì)生活準(zhǔn)則“智圓行方”的體現(xiàn)，水立方在鳥巢旁邊，以寧?kù)o、祥和的幾何形態(tài)回應(yīng)著“天圓地方、陰陽(yáng)和合”的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)。這座建筑本身也是PTW、CCDI、ARUP多家設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)各取所長(zhǎng)、智慧交融的產(chǎn)物。在完成奧運(yùn)會(huì)的宏大歷史使命之后，這座建筑的改建回歸到以“水”為核心的健康運(yùn)動(dòng)體驗(yàn)之中，將其中一座水上大廳變身為大眾休憩嬉水的主題公園，增添了諸多的游戲設(shè)施，但又保留了ETFE氣泡空間的獨(dú)特元素，這個(gè)改造贏得了市民公眾的贊譽(yù)，也使這座本已載入史冊(cè)的建筑獲得了更為可持續(xù)的價(jià)值和意義。

張路峰：用建筑語(yǔ)言表達(dá)“水”的主題，采用水滴流線或波浪曲面等擬態(tài)手法已成思維定勢(shì)，而“水立方”獨(dú)辟蹊徑，采用“氣泡”這一水的特殊形態(tài)作為構(gòu)思原點(diǎn)，提取出由氣泡單元界面交接自然生成的空間網(wǎng)格作為結(jié)構(gòu)原型，再加上薄膜氣囊的組合，雖然總體上是個(gè)規(guī)則的立方體，卻又明確無誤地表達(dá)了水的概念，這要比那些在外形上模仿水滴、波浪造型的思路高明許多。由于這一關(guān)鍵思路的突破，“水立方”呈現(xiàn)出非常獨(dú)特的帶有很強(qiáng)陌生感的空間和形象，而這陌生感有助于從內(nèi)到外的夢(mèng)幻感的營(yíng)造。半透明的膜材料結(jié)合燈光和色彩的變化，使得建筑表皮成為了媒體，成為了屏幕，也使得“水立方”成為了城市慶典和觀光的場(chǎng)所，超越了一般類型意義上的體育建筑概念，為賽后轉(zhuǎn)型埋下了很好的伏筆。

Comments

ZHENG Shiling: It is fortunate that a building can still be attractive a decade later in China with such fast developing urban economy. The National Aquatics Centre (Water Cube), with the Beijing Olympic Games as the background, has been attracting wide attention all over the world since the announcement of the scheme in 2003, because we rarely see the works of overseas architectural institutions bring such harmonious Chinese cultural metaphors in China. The square is the ritual prototype of Chinese cities and buildings and even the embodiment of the social living criteria of "having a good disposition and an upright character". Moreover, the Water Cube is next to the Bird Nest, responding to the Chinese tradition of "round sky and square earth, Yin and Yang in harmony" with a peaceful geometry. Furthermore, the building itself is a product pooling wisdom of PTW Architects, CCDI, ARUP and some other design agencies. After completing the grand historical mission of the Olympic Games, this building was reconstructed to bring healthy sports experience with "water" as the core. One of the water halls was turned into a theme park for the public to relax and play in water, with a lot of game facilities added, and the unique elements of ETFE bubble space were also retained. Consequently, such renovation has won praise from the public and given this historic building a more sustainable value and meaning.

ZHANG Lufeng: When it comes to the employment of architectural elements for expressing the theme of "water", the imitative use of the curve of a water droplet or wave has become common practice. However, the Water Cube project has carved a new path by adopting the special form of bubbles as its concept. Its structural model utilises spacial grids that are naturally created when the bubble units cross each other. Furthermore, a thin, semi-transparent film has been applied. Although the building as a whole is a regular cube, it realistically portrays the concept of "water". This approach compares favourably with those that imitate water droplets or waves.

As a result of this key design, the Water Cube presents a unique space and image that gives visitors a strong feeling of strangeness. Such a feeling contributes to the creation from the inside of the building of a dreamlike sense. The semi-transparent film combined with the change of lights and colours has turned the building's skin into a medium, a screen; and it has made the building a venue for celebrations and sightseeing. This design has gone beyond the general concept of sports facilities, and paves the way for the building's functional transformation after the Olympic. (Translated by Dandan Wang)