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右美托咪定作為羅哌卡因佐劑超聲引導頸淺叢阻滯在甲狀腺手術中的應用 ?

2019-04-22 20:34:40曲鷹劉國華李俊霞
中外醫學研究 2019年34期

曲鷹 劉國華 李俊霞

【摘要】 目的:評估在甲狀腺手術中,右美托咪定作為羅哌卡因佐劑超聲引導雙側頸淺叢阻滯時的安全性和有效性。方法:選取擇期行甲狀腺手術患者60例,隨機分為D組和R組,兩組全麻成功后,在超聲引導下行雙側頸淺叢神經阻滯(SCPB),D組單側使用含有0.375%羅哌卡因(Rop)10 ml和右美托咪定(Dex)25 μg的混合液,R組單側使用含有0.375% Rop 10 ml和等量0.9%氯化鈉注射液的混合液。記錄兩組術后首次使用地佐辛時間、術后24 h地佐辛總量、術中芬太尼及丙泊酚用量;評估兩組術后2、4、6、8、12、24 h VAS評分;記錄兩組術后24 h內不良反應。結果:D組首次使用地佐辛時間晚于R組,術后24 h地佐辛總量少于R組,術中芬太尼用量少于R組(P<0.05);D組術后6、8、12、24 h VAS評分均顯著低于R組(P<0.05);D組惡心嘔吐發生率顯著低于R組(P<0.05)。結論:在超聲引導雙側SCPB甲狀腺手術中,Dex作為Rop佐劑,能夠使鎮痛效果增強、鎮痛時間延長、阿片類藥物消耗降低、不良反應減少,值得臨床推廣。

【關鍵詞】 右美托咪定 超聲 頸淺叢阻滯 甲狀腺手術

[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Dexmedetomidine as Ropivacaine adjuvant for ultrasound-guided bilateral superficial cervical plexus block in thyroid surgery. Method: Sixty patients who underwent thyroid surgery were randomly divided into the group D and the group R. After induction of general anesthesia, both groups were performed bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (SCBP) under ultrasound guidance. The group D was treated unilaterally with a mixture containing 0.375% Ropivacaine (Rop) 10 ml and Dexmedetomidine (Dex) 25 μg, and the group R was treated unilaterally with a mixture containing 0.375% Rop 10 ml and the same amount of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. The time of the first use of Dezocine, the total amount of Dezocine 24 h after surgery, the intraoperative dose of Fentanyl and Propofol in the two groups were recorded. The VAS scores were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after surgery. Adverse reactions within 24 h after surgery were recorded in both groups. Result: The time of the first use of Dezocinein the group D was later than that of the group R, the total amount of Dezocine 24 h after surgery in the group D was less than that of the group R, and intraoperative dose of Fentanyl in the group D was less than that of the group R (P<0.05). The VAS scores at 6, 8, 12, 24 h after surgery in the group D were significantly lower than those of the group R (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea and vomiting in the group D was significantly lower than that of the group R (P<0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided bilateral SCPB in thyroid surgery, Dex as an adjuvant of Rop can enhance the analgesic effect, prolong the analgesic time, reduce Opioid consumption and reduce adverse reaction, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

甲狀腺手術中牽拉易引起血流動力學變化,甚至誘發重度心律失常而危及生命,術后患者常有中重度疼痛感。頸淺叢阻滯是降低應激反應的最佳鎮痛技術,在超聲引導下可使操作更加精準、安全、有效[1-2]。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)是一種高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動劑,臨床常用作鎮靜劑和鎮痛劑。研究報道,右美托咪定作為佐劑可延長局麻藥的作用時間,具有更高的血流動力學穩定性[3]。本研究擬評估在甲狀腺手術中,Dex作為羅哌卡因(Ropivacaine,Rop)佐劑超聲引導雙側SCPB時的鎮痛效果和副作用,以驗證其安全性及有效性,為臨床應用提供參考。

Dex具有中樞性抗交感神經作用,可激活迷走神經,降低血漿兒茶酚胺水平,具有劑量相關的降低血壓和心率作用,從而提供穩定的血流動力學[9-10]。本研究中,兩組HR和MBP比較沒有顯著差異。

本研究中,D組惡心嘔吐發生率較R組明顯減少,主要是因為D組聯合使用Dex增強鎮痛效果,阿片類藥物使用量降低;也可能因為Dex與藍斑中的α2突觸前抑制性腎上腺素受體結合,降低腎上腺素能活性,產生止吐效果。另外,有研究顯示,Dex可抑制交感神經興奮和兒茶酚胺釋放減少PONV的發生[11]。與Cai等[12]研究結果一致,雙側SCPB可減少惡心嘔吐發生率。

本研究尚存在不足之處:(1)右美托咪定最佳安全有效的配伍劑量需要進一步研究;(2)復合頸深叢阻滯的安全性與有效性也需要進一步探討。

綜上所述,在超聲引導雙側SCPB甲狀腺手術中,Dex作為Rop佐劑,能夠使鎮痛效果增強、鎮痛時間延長、阿片類藥物消耗降低、副作用減少,值得臨床推廣。

參考文獻

[1]王東,陳彪,高滿海,等.雙側頸淺叢阻滯聯合靜脈全身麻醉在甲狀腺手術患者中的應用[J].中外醫學研究,2017,15(12):10-12.

[2] Kim J S,Ko J S,Bang S,et al.Cervical plexus block[J].Korean Journal of Anesthesiology,2018,71(4):274-288.

[3] Santosh B S,Mehandale S G.Does Dexmedetomidine improve analgesia of superficial cervical plexus block for thyroid surgery?[J].Indian Journal of Anaesthesia,2016,60(1):34.

[4]陳漢文,陳彥威,劉曉磊,等.右美托咪定復合羅哌卡因超聲引導下頸叢阻滯對甲狀腺手術術后鎮痛的影響[J].廣東醫學,2016,37(23):2593-2595.

[5]陳鳳萍,唐培佳.超聲引導頸神經通路阻滯聯合喉罩全麻在甲狀腺手術中的應用效果[J].廣西醫學,2018,40(12):1326-1328.

[6] Uusalo P,J?tinvuori H,L?yttyniemi E,et al.Intranasal low-dose Dexmedetomidine reduces postoperative opioid requirement in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty under general anesthesia[J].Journal of Arthroplasty,2019,34(3):686-692.

[7] Karthikeyan V S,Sistla S C,Badhe A S,et al.Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block in thyroidectomy[J].Pain Practice,2013,13(7):539-546.

[8] Lee M J,Koo D J,Choi Y S,et al.Dexamethasone or Dexmedetomidine as local anesthetic adjuvants for ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blocks with nerve stimulation[J].The Korean Journal of Pain,2016,29(1):29-33.

[9] Li Y,Wang H,Deng Y,et al.Effect of Dexmedetomidine on supraclavicular brachial plexus block:a randomized double blind prospective study[J].Journal of Peking University:Health Sciences,2018,50(5):845-849.

[10] Kang M H,Lee H J,Lim Y J,et al.Preoperative Dexmedetomidine attenuates hemodynamic responses to hydrodissection in patients undergoing robotic thyroidectomy[J].Journal of Anesthesia,2015,30(2):191-197.

[11] Bakri M H,Ismail E A,Ibrahim A.Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J].Korean Journal of Anesthesiology,2015,68(3):254-260.

[12] Cai H D,Lin C Z,Yu C X,et al.Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting and early postoperative pain after thyroidectomy[J].Journal of International Medical Research,2012,40(4):1390-1398.

(收稿日期:2019-07-10) (本文編輯:李盈)

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