非謂語動詞考點回顧

甄紅

在最近三年的高考中，全國Ⅰ卷的語法填空中每年有兩道題考查非謂語動詞，并且有可能同時在短文改錯中再設一題（如2018年），占分值3—4分。在全國Ⅱ卷和全國Ⅲ卷中，非謂語動詞考查力度更大，占的分值更多。最近五年的語法填空和最近11年的短文改錯在非謂語動詞方面究竟考查了哪些具體內容？又是如何考的？讓我們一起來將這些題回顧一遍。

考點1：介詞后用動名詞做賓語。

這是考頻最高的考點。在介詞后可以用名詞或動名詞做賓語，但若其后有賓語或有狀語等修飾時，只能用動名詞做賓語。

填空：

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷）You may drink， smoke， be overweight and still reduce your risk of __________（die）early by running.（dying）

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷）Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ________（eat）more fast food people will get more salt and fat ...（eating）

（2015年全國Ⅱ卷）In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to“air-condition”a house without__________（use）electric equipment. （using）

（2014年全國Ⅱ卷）One morning， I was waiting at the bus stop， worried about ______（be）late for school.（being）

（2017年全國Ⅲ卷）But unlike her school friends， 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term（in） ________（rest）.〔resting，原題中沒有in，但空格前可看作省略了介詞in，即spend ...（in）doing sth結構中in常省略〕

改錯：

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷）My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.（selling）

（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.（wearing）

（2015年全國Ⅱ卷）After looks at the toy for some time， he turned around and found ...（looking）

（2016年全國Ⅱ卷）We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.（taking）

（2008年全國課標卷）Looking forward to hear from you soon.（hearing）

（2010年全國大綱Ⅱ卷）I look forward to see her again in the near future.（seeing）

（2013年全國大綱）He isnt good at talk but he gets on well with other people.（talking）

（2008年全國大綱Ⅰ卷）Weve been writing to each other for nearly a year now. I have often dreamed of talk face to face with you.（talking）

考點2：只能接不定式做賓語的動詞。

填空：

（2017年全國Ⅲ卷）But Sarah， ... ， wants________ （prove）that she has brains as well as beauty.（to prove）

（2014年全國Ⅱ卷）I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver， but he refused ________（stop）until we reached the next stop.（to stop）

改錯：

（2018年全國Ⅱ卷）... but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not let me. （watch）

（2010年全國大綱Ⅰ卷）He agreed to reading my story and ...（read）

（2008年全國大綱Ⅰ卷）My father was so pleased that he suggested I go to England for a holiday. Id like to staying there for half a month ...（stay）

（2008年全國大綱Ⅱ卷）In short， I will do my best to help making the Games a success.（make）

注：在help后的不定式常省略to，即help do sth。

提示：這類動詞需要熟記的有 afford to do sth， agree to do sth， aim to do sth， apply to do sth， arrange to do sth， attempt to do sth， ask to do sth， beg to do sth， choose to do sth， decide to do sth， determine to do sth， expect to do sth， want to do sth， hope to do sth， wish to do sth， long to do sth， fail to do sth， guarantee to do sth， hesitate to do sth， happen to do sth， learn to do sth， manage to do sth， offer to do sth， pretend to do sth， prepare to do sth， plan to do sth， intend to do sth， promise to do sth， undertake to do sth等。

考點3：只能接動名詞做賓語的動詞。

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）I quickly lower myself， ducking my head to avoid __________ （look）directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.（looking）

（2014年全國Ⅱ卷）Still， the boy kept __________ （ride）. He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. （riding）

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷）My ambassadorial duties will include ________（introduce）British visitors to the 120-plus pandas ...（introducing）

（2017年全國Ⅱ卷）It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road， __________（lay）the track and then building a strong roof ... （laying）

提示：這類動詞需要熟記的有admit doing sth， appreciate doing sth， avoid doing sth， advise doing sth， suggest doing sth， allow doing sth， permit doing sth， consider doing sth， practise doing sth， enjoy doing sth， dislike doing sth， finish doing sth， discuss doing sth， escape doing sth， imagine doing sth， include doing sth， mind doing sth， miss doing sth，以及be worth doing sth， be busy doing sth， feel like doing sth， put off /delay doing sth， cant stand doing sth等。

考點4：接不定式做賓補的動詞。

填空：

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）Once his message was delivered， he allowed me __________（stay）and watch.（to stay）

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required ________（process）the food ...（to process）

改錯：

（2017年全國Ⅱ卷）When summer comes， they will invite their students ∧ pick the fresh vegetables！（增加to）

（2011年全國大綱Ⅱ卷） My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.（stay）

注：make sb do sth中do不帶to。

（2014年全國大綱）Otherwise， it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship to last long.（刪除to）

（2012年全國課標）Meanwhile， I found out that with more patience， I could make my toys to last. My attitude changed from then on.（刪除to）

注：在make， let， have等使役動詞和see， hear， watch， observe， notice等感官動詞后做賓補的不定式省略to。

（2009年全國大綱Ⅱ卷）A little girl was hurt and her mother needed help. So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.（go）

注：在help sb to do sth中的to可要可不要。

提示：這類動詞需要熟記的有ask sb to do sth， want sb to do sth， tell sb to do sth， invite sb to do sth， encourage sb to do sth， allow sb to do sth， persuade sb to do sth， forbid sb to do sth等。

考點5：做目的狀語只能用動詞不定式。

填空：

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷）You dont have to run fast or for long ________ （see） the benefit.（to see）

（2018年全國Ⅱ卷）The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __________ （improve）water quality. （to improve）

（2016年全國Ⅲ卷） Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal __________ （create）special designs.（to create）

改錯：

（2007年全國課標）Li Ming came see me every day.（to see）

考點6：在形容詞后做狀語只能用不定式。

填空：

（2016年全國Ⅱ卷）If you find something you love doing outside of the office， youll be less likely ______（bring）your work home.（to bring）

（2015年全國Ⅱ卷）When a new day breaks， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ______（cool）the house during the hot day ...（to cool）

注：be likely to do sth（很可能做某事）和 adj. /adv. +enough to do sth 均可看作固定搭配。

改錯：

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷） Some of us were confident and eager ∧take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious. （增加to）

注：be eager to do sth可作為固定搭配來記。這類搭配常見的還有be anxious to do sth， be sure to do sth， be bound to do sth， be about to do sth， be able to do sth， be glad to do sth等。

考點7：不定式和動名詞做主語。

填空：

（2014年全國Ⅰ卷）It took years of work ______ （reduce）the industrial pollution and clean the water. （to reduce）

注：It takes sb some time to do sth可作為固定句式來記。

改錯：（2013年全國Ⅱ卷） Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner ...（Having）

考點8：分詞做定語。

被修飾的詞與分詞是主動關系用現在分詞，是被動關系用過去分詞。

填空：

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）... it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people __________（live）in Shanghai and Hong Kong. （living）

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷） I was the first Western TV reporter_______（permit）to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. （permitted）

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）A study of travelers__________ （conduct）by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as ... （conducted）

（2015年全國Ⅱ卷）The adobe dwellings（土坯房）______（build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by ...（built）

改錯：

（2010年全國課標）On the box was a card say： “25 cents each.”（saying）

（2012年全國大綱Ⅱ卷）Third， we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing， especially bath water ...（used）

考點9：分詞做伴隨狀語。

句子主語與分詞是主動關系用現在分詞，是被動關系用過去分詞。到目前為止，只考查了現在分詞做伴隨狀語。

填空：

（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）People probably cooked their food in large pots， ________（use）twigs（樹枝）to remove it.（using）

改錯：

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）Everyone was silent， wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.（waiting）

（2011年全國課標）My summer travel started terribly. I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.（buying）

考點10：“連詞+分詞”結構。

句子主語與分詞是主動關系用現在分詞，是被動關系用過去分詞。到目前為止，只考查了“連詞+現在分詞”。

（2018年全國Ⅱ卷）Chinas approach to protecting its environment while __________（feed）its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，”says the banks Juergen Voegele.（feeding）

考點11：分詞做表語。

句子主語與分詞是主動關系用現在分詞，是被動關系用過去分詞。

（ 2018年全國Ⅲ卷）I quickly lower myself， ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel ________ （challenge）.（challenged，由challenge sb“向某人挑戰”可知）

特別說明：

1. 可能重復考。

同一考點在不同年份或不同卷別中可能會重復考。如by后接動名詞在三年內就考查了三次。請看：

by sell the fish （2018年全國Ⅰ卷）

by wear strange clothes（2016年全國Ⅲ卷）

by ________ （eat） more fast food（2017年全國Ⅰ卷）

2. 可能同時考。

在同年同份卷中的語法填空和短文改錯兩種題型也有可能同時考。如：

2018年全國Ⅰ卷

填空：You may drink， smoke， be overweight and still reduce your risk of __________ （die）early by running.（dying）

改錯：My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.（selling）

說明：同時考查介詞后接動名詞做賓語。

2018年全國Ⅱ卷

填空：The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __________（improve）water quality.（to improve）

改錯：... but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not let me. （watch）

說明：同時考查不定式，只是前者做目的狀語，后者做賓語。

2015年全國Ⅱ卷

填空：In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to“air-condition”a house without __________（use）electric equipment.（using）

改錯：After looks at the toy for some time， he turned around and found ...（looking）

說明：同時考查介詞后接動名詞做賓語。

2018年全國Ⅲ卷

填空：Once his message was delivered， he allowed me __________ （stay）and watch.（to stay）

改錯：Some of us were confident and eager∧take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.（增加to）

說明：同時考查不定式，只是前者考查不定式做賓補，后者考查不定式在形容詞后做狀語。

責任編輯 蔣小青