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苧麻麻骨代料栽培平菇的研究

2019-07-22 08:11:31李楊紅李相才郭曦隆張元林彭定祥劉立軍
湖北農業科學 2019年11期
關鍵詞:產量

李楊紅 李相才 郭曦隆 張元林 彭定祥 劉立軍

摘要:試驗以平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)黑平380為供試菌株,苧麻(Boehmeria nivea L.)麻骨與棉子殼按比例混合,以常規配方為對照,進行秋季栽培平菇,層架出菇管理,探索麻骨代料栽培平菇的可行性,分析了各配方平菇產量、農藝性狀、營養品質等。結果表明,含苧麻麻骨各配方平菇的產量、子實體大小和產出投入比均優于對照,且以T2配方(苧麻麻骨、棉子殼、麩皮、石膏的含量分別為59%、19%、21%、1%)產量最高;含麻骨配方生產的平菇營養品質與對照無顯著差異;含苧麻麻骨的配方基質含碳量和含氮量皆低于對照;基質含氮量與平菇生長周期指標顯著正相關。該研究為平菇生產提供了新的材料來源和技術支持,滿足了高產、經濟、實用和安全的栽培要求,也為麻骨綜合利用開辟了新領域。

關鍵詞:平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus);苧麻(Boehmeria nivea L.)麻骨;培養基配方;代料栽培

中圖分類號:S646.9;S563.1? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A

文章編號:0439-8114(2019)11-0078-05

DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.11.018? ? ? ? ? ?開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):

Study on substitute cultivation of Plearotus ostreatus by ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.) sticks

LI Yang-hong1,2,LI Xiang-cai3,GUO Xi-long1,ZHANG Yuan-lin3,PENG Ding-xiang1,LIU Li-jun1

(1.MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China;2.Garden Management Bureau(Toutunhe District),Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone,Urumqi 830026,China;3.Special Products Bureau of Yangxin County,Yangxin 435200,Hubei,China)

Abstract: Taking Pleurotus ostreatus black-380 as materials, ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.) sticks and cotton seed hull mixed in proportion, the conventional formulation was as control, P. ostreatus was cultivated in autumn and the mushroom management was by layer, the feasibility on substitute cultivation of P. ostreatus by ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.) sticks was explored, and the yield of P. ostreatus, agronomic traits and nutritional quality of all the formulas were analyzed. The results showed that the yield, fruit-body size and output-input ratio of each formula containing ramie sticks were better than the control, and the highest yield was obtained by formula T2(ramie sticks, cotton seed hull, bran and gypsum content was 59%, 19%, 21% and 1%, respectively). The nutritional quality of P. ostreatus had no significant difference between the formula containing ramie sticks and the contrast. The carbon content and nitrogen content of ramie sticks formula were lower than those of the control. There was a significant positive correlation between the nitrogen content of substrate and the growth cycle index of P. ostreatus. This study can provide new material sources and technical support for P. ostreatus production, and meet the requirements of high yield, economic, practical and safe cultivation, and also open up a new field for the comprehensive utilization of hemp bone.

2.6? 不同配方平菇投入產出比

由表8可知,5個配方的產出投入比依次為2.08、1.98、1.42、1.11、1.03。含苧麻麻骨成分的配方其產出投入比均高于對照,其中T1配方的產出投入比最高,T2配方次之。

2.7? 不同配方栽培平菇的綜合評價

對平菇不同配方間各指標進行綜合評價可知,T1和T3配方在產量、生物學效率、子實體農藝性狀和營養性方面與對照均無顯著差異,但T1和T3配方的栽培周期顯著短于對照,且產出投入比高于對照。T2配方在產量、子實體農藝性狀、營養性和安全性方面與對照均無顯著差異,但T2配方栽培周期顯著短于對照,生物學效率和產出投入比也高于對照,T4配方各指標與對照均無顯著差異(表9)。

3? 小結與討論

平菇具有分解有機物、修復自然環境的作用,能將栽培料中的纖維素、半纖維素和木質素等降解成小分子營養物質供自身生長[13,14]。隨著人類社會發展以及對自然環境的保護意識增強,需要更多的綠色、經濟、實用的替代培養料,實現平菇的代料栽培,而使用麻骨作為替代培養料是實現該途徑的有效方法之一。

使用含苧麻麻骨的培養料與常規培養料(對照)在產量上沒有顯著差異;同時從菌絲生長情況來看,含麻骨配方皆優于對照,菌絲長速快,滿袋時間短,采收早。比較各個配方可知,T2配方產量指標最好。在形態學方面,含麻骨配方的菌蓋指標大于對照。說明使用麻骨作為替代培養料,不僅能達到產量的要求,而且明顯縮短了平菇栽培周期,節約上市時間。96%的苧麻副產物被廢棄[10],以這些儲量豐富、價格低廉的原材料栽培平菇,經濟效益顯著。

由其營養品質來看,含麻骨配方與對照沒有顯著差異。氨基酸總量22.15%~24.31%,低于Chen等[15]用水葫蘆栽培秀珍菇的試驗結果,這可能和培養料基質營養成分及品種的基因型有一定關系,總體上含麻骨配方的氨基酸含量普遍高于對照,尤其是T1配方。在該試驗中粗蛋白質含量36.07%~38.53%,普遍高于以前的栽培研究[16-18]。試驗所得粗脂肪含量為3.50%~4.69%,低于用混有糞肥的小麥秸稈進行平菇栽培的研究結果(7.97%~13.94%)[19]。平菇多糖具有抗腫瘤、抗氧化、抗突變、免疫促進及降低膽固醇的作用[20],苗永美等[21]用最佳工藝所生產的平菇,其多糖得率僅為6.48%,而本試驗所得平菇多糖含量為7.34%~9.75%,高于其研究結果。

從基質碳和氮含量來看,含苧麻麻骨的配方皆低于對照,而低碳和低氮培養體系有利于平菇酶系統進行生物降解而吸收營養[22];氮含量與平菇生長周期存在顯著正相關,該結果與前人研究相似[23,24],故含麻骨配方較對照配方更有利于平菇的生長。

參考文獻:

[1] SNCHEZ,CARMEN. Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms[J].Applied microbiology and biotechnology,2010,85(5):1321-1337.

[2] CHANG S T. World production of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms in 1997 with emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing, in China[J].International journal of medicinal mushrooms,1999,1(4):291-300.

[3] ROYSE D J. Influence of spawn rate and commercial delayed release nutrient levels on Pleurotus cornucopiae(oyster mushroom) yield,size,and time to production[J].Applied microbiology and biotechnology,2002,58(4):527-531.

[4] RAHMAN M,ODHANO E A,HAQ M Z,GUL S. Conversion of lignocellulosic wastes into oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus ostreatus)[J].Journal of the chemical society of Pakistan,2007,29(3):251-255.

[5] DAHMARDEH M,DAHMARDEH M,HOSSIENABADI R,et al. Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of Pleurotus ostreatus(oyster mushroom) grown on different substrates(wheat straw and barley straw) and supplemented at various levels of spawn[J].Journal of food agriculture and environment,2010,8(3&4):996-998.

[6] RUIZRODR?魱GUEZ,ALEJANDRO,SOLERRIVAS C,et al. Effect of olive mill waste(OMW) supplementation to Oyster mushrooms substrates on the cultivation parameters and fruiting bodies quality[J].International biodeterioration and biodegradation,2010,64(7):638-645.

[7] SEN S,YALCIN M. Utilizing the wastes of valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne subsp macrolepis) in Pleurotus ostreatus production[J].Ekoloji,2011,20(78):60-65.

[8] QIU D L,LIU B H,TANG Y,et al. Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue after camptothecin extract as a substrate to produce mushroom spawn[J].Journal of mountain science,2012,9(6):835-841.

[9] LIU F H,LIANG X N,ZHANG N G,et al. Effect of growth regulators on yield and fiber quality in ramie (Boemheria nivea (L.) Gaud.),China grass[J].Field crops research,2001,69(1):41-46

[10] 熊和平.苧麻多功能開發潛力及利用途徑[J].中國麻業科學,2001,23(1):22-25.

[11] 歐陽西榮,唐守偉.苧麻高產高效栽培與綜合利用技術綜述[J].中國麻業科學,2008,30(2):84-88.

[12] BREENE W. Nutritional and medicinal value of speciality mushrooms[J].Journal of food protection,1990,53(10):883-894,899.

[13] WANG D,SAKODA A,SUZUKI M. Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on spent beer grain[J].Bioresource technology,2001,78(3):293-300.

[14] KULSHRESHTHA S,MATHUR N,BHATNAGAR P,et al. Cultivation of Pleurotus citrinopileatus on handmade paper and cardboard industrial wastes[J].Industrial crops and products,2013,41:340-346.

[15] CHEN X X,JIANG Z H,CHEN X,et al. Use of biogas fluid-soaked water hyacinth for cultivating Pleurotus geesteranus[J].Bioresource technology,2010,101(7):2397-2400.

[16] CHANG S T,MILES P G. Edible mushrooms and their cultivation[M].Boca Raton,Florida,USA:CRC press,1989.

[17] MILES P G,CHANG S T. Mushroom biology:Concise basics and current developments[M].Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd.,1997.

[18] STURION G L,OETTERER M. Composio química de cogumelos comestíveis(Pleurotus spp.) originados de cultivo em diferentes substratos[J].Ciencia e tecnología de alimentos,1995, 15(2):189-193.

[19] BANIK S,NANDI R. Effect of supplementation of rice straw with biogas residual slurry manure on the yield,protein and mineral contents of oyster mushroom[J].Industrial crops and products,2004,20(3):311-319.

[20] 別運清.平菇深層發酵技術及其多糖分離純化研究[D].武漢:華中農業大學,2006.

[21] 苗永美,王明佳,何華奇.平菇多糖的提取及含量測定[J].安徽科技學院學報,2010,24(6):34-37.

[22] 李燕榮,周國英,胡清秀,等.食用菌生物降解木質素的研究現狀[J].中國食用菌,2009,28(5):3-6.

[23] ELIF ?魻Z?覶ELIK,AYSUN PEKEN. Hazelnut husk as a substrate for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes)[J].Bioresource technology,2007,98(14):2652-2658.

[24] PHILIPPOUSSIS A,ZERVAKIS G,DIAMANTOPOULOU P. Bioconversion of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes through the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita,Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus spp.[J].World journal of microbiology and biotechnology,2001,17(2):191-200.

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