胡二峰,吳 娟,趙立欣,孟海波,姚宗路,湯 森
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熱解溫度對回轉窯玉米秸稈熱解產物理化特性的影響
胡二峰1,吳 娟2,趙立欣1※,孟海波1,姚宗路1,湯 森3
(1.農業農村部規劃設計研究院,農業農村部農業廢棄物能源化利用重點實驗室,北京 100125; 2. 生態環境部南京環境科學研究所,南京 210042; 3. 昆明理工大學省部共建復雜有色金屬資源清潔利用國家重點實驗室,昆明 650093)
針對北方農業秸稈廢棄物產量巨大且無法全部還田導致丟棄和露天焚燒現象激增等問題,該文通過搭建小型回轉窯生物質熱解裝置考察不同熱解溫度下秸稈熱解特性,分析主要產物的產率、元素組成等理化特性指標。結果表明:回轉窯內熱解溫度的增加提高了熱解液相產物產率和熱解水產率,焦油產率呈先增加后降低趨勢。與此同時,熱解氣總體積逐漸增加,H2含量和CH4含量也有所提高,生物炭產率和熱值有所降低。當熱解溫度從400 ℃增加至700 ℃時,焦油產率從12.21%增加至21.70%;當溫度進一步增加至800 ℃時,焦油產率降低至20.13%;相應的焦油熱值從400 ℃時的19 974.0 kJ/kg逐漸增加到800 ℃時的21 710.0 kJ/kg。高熱解溫度加快熱解過程中的熱傳遞,加劇生物質大分子所含的羥基、羰基等含氧官能團的分解并促進揮發物的產生,進而提高了熱解液體產物、熱解水和焦油產率。過高的加熱溫度會加劇揮發分的二次反應,降低焦油產率;更多的含氧雜環結構會隨著熱解溫度提高逐漸分解,因而焦油熱值逐漸增加。生物炭產率隨著溫度增加逐漸降低,生物炭pH值和C/N比均逐漸增加,在兼顧生物炭產率和應用于炭基肥制備所需理化性質的同時需充分考慮熱解溫度影響。
溫度;熱解;秸稈;回轉窯
河北是中國北方地區的農業大省,農業秸稈廢棄物產量巨大,其中僅2017年秸稈可收集資源量達5842萬t。北方農作物一年兩熟、茬口緊,前茬秸稈量大且無法全部還田導致丟棄和露天焚燒現象激增,浪費了大量資源并帶來嚴重的環境污染[1-2]。秸稈屬于生物質能源,其能源化利用過程中所排放的CO2可納入自然界碳循環,秸稈的利用有助于實現碳減排[3-5]。熱解技術是實現秸稈廢棄物資源化利用的重要途徑,熱解產生的生物炭在土壤改良、重金屬吸附和水源凈化等方面也具有重要作用,熱解氣可用于北方炊事供暖并緩解農村地區大量劣質散煤利用導致的污染問題,熱解產生的焦油和木醋液等可用作燃料或化工原材料[6-9],因此該技術受到國內外專家的廣泛關注。
近年來國內外學者對生物質開展了大量熱解技術的研究工作,如加拿大Ensyn公司的循環流化床工藝[10]、Dynamotive公司的鼓泡流化床工藝[11]、Karlsruhe理工學院和Mississippi State大學開發的螺旋反應器[12]、荷蘭Twente大學開發的旋轉錐反應器[13]。國內華中科技大學開發了移動床生物質熱解多聯產技術[14],山東理工大學研發了離心分離陶瓷球熱載體下行床反應器,農業農村部規劃設計研究院開發了內加熱連續式生物質熱解裝備等[12]。相比于其他熱解技術,外熱式回轉窯生物質熱解技術工藝簡單、原料適應性強、操作簡單,技術更為成熟[15]。該技術不僅廣泛用于生物質熱解,也用于其他廢棄物處理,并在工業上得到充分驗證[16-18]。李水清等主要考查了回轉窯內稻殼和木塊熱解產物分布和性質,研究發現熱解溫度增加有利于燃氣產率的提高,炭產率逐漸降低且H和O元素比C元素容易脫除[19-20]。De Conto等在回轉窯內開展了象草熱解試驗研究,發現轉速的提高有助于提高生物油產率,生物炭呈現低電導率和高pH值[21]。然而針對北方農作物秸稈熱解特性研究,尤其是回轉窯內玉米秸稈熱解特性的相關報道較少,進一步精確定量焦油產率、表征產物特性有待深入研究。
本文搭建了小型實驗室回轉窯熱解裝置,針對北方地區農作物秸稈廢棄物,通過內置熱電偶與反應物料的實時接觸,實現對溫度和反應時間等條件的精準控制,考察不同溫度下熱解產物特性并為回轉窯熱解技術的研發和放大提供理論依據,為京津冀廢棄物能源化利用產業化發展提供技術支撐。
試驗采用北京市大興區禮賢鎮當季玉米秸稈,其工業分析和元素分析結果見表1,揮發分含量可達到82.44%。入料粒度保證在0.250~0.425 mm,并密封保存。

表1 秸稈工業分析和元素分析
試驗流程如圖1所示,回轉窯反應管內直徑100 mm,長510 mm;電爐加熱功率為3 kW,轉速為0~20 r/min;加熱電爐最高設定溫度可達1 100 ℃,采用電阻絲加熱。本裝置包括3個部分:供氣系統、反應系統、產物凈化及收集系統等。試驗前先將熱解氣的冷卻、吸收等后處理系統連接好并檢查氣密性,然后將秸稈裝入反應器中,并與熱解氣冷卻、吸收系統相連。打開氮氣瓶吹掃反應系統的空氣,設定好轉速、熱解溫度等面板控制程序,反應開始計時。秸稈熱解產生的氣相產物逸出后經過冷凝器深度冷卻后收集到大部分焦油和水,而熱解氣中的輕焦油由浸在冰水浴中的丙酮瓶吸收。熱解氣經過濕式流量計計量后分析氣體組成。

1.水箱;2.柱塞泵;3.蒸汽發生器;4.氮氣氣瓶;5.氣體預熱器;6.氣體混合預熱器;7.進氣口;8.旋轉接頭;9.齒輪;10.散熱片;11.加熱爐;12.反應管;13.輥子;14.快裝法蘭;15.封頭;16.托輥;17.變頻電機;18.配電柜;19.壓力表;20.熱電偶;21.冷凝系統;22.收集瓶;23,24,25.丙酮洗瓶;26.過濾器;27,32,34.閥門;28.放空瓶;29. 真空泵;30. 流量計;31.碳酸氫鈉洗瓶;33.硅膠洗瓶; 35.色譜儀
1.Water tank 2.Plunger pump 3.Steam generator 4.Nitrogen gas cylinder 5.Gas preheater 6.Gas mixing preheater 7.Air intakes 8.Rotary joint 9.Gear 10.Cooling fins 11.Furnace 12.Reactor 13.Roller 14.Fast flange 15.End socket 16.Touch roll 17.Motor 18.Power distribution cabinet 19.Pressure gauges 20.Thermocouple 21.Condenser 22.Collection bottle 23,24,25.Acetone washing bottles 26.Filter 27,32,34.Valve 28.Empty bottle 29. Vacuum pump 30. Wet-type flow meter 31. Sodium bicarbonate washing bottle 33.Silica gel washing bottle 35.Gas chromatogram
圖1 試驗裝置示意圖
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of experimental system
由于反應器中心安裝熱電偶可實時監控物料溫度,當回轉窯內物料達到設定反應溫度時電爐斷電。冷凝瓶中收集到的焦油和水用傾倒法分出水并分別計量。反應器出口管路、冷凝器及冷凝瓶用丙酮清洗,得到的液體經過濾后與丙酮吸收瓶中溶液合并,使用減壓旋轉蒸發器蒸出溶劑,得到的油品與之前冷凝瓶中的焦油合并稱質量,根據分出的水量計算無水焦油產量,并合并計算總產水量。試驗結束并待反應器冷卻后,取出生物炭稱質量并密封保存。除非特別指明,所有產率相對于干基秸稈質量。管壁中殘留的焦油可通過構建閉路循環系統收集,采用水浴加熱丙酮洗滌管壁后回流進入收集瓶,再進行分離提純。
試驗中產生的熱解氣樣通過 Agilent Micro-3000微型氣相色譜檢測其中的各組分摩爾含量(主要檢測H2、CH4、CO、CO2、C2H4、C2H6、C3H6、C3H8等)。生物炭和焦油使用美國Perkin Elmer公司PE 2400型元素分析儀進行C、H、N、S、O元素的測定。生物炭使用上海昌吉XRY-1B氧彈熱量儀測量熱值,工業分析參照國標GB/T 28731-2012,生物炭的pH值按照《GB/T 12496.7-1999木質活性炭試驗方法pH值的測定》方法測定[22]。
回轉窯生物質熱解裝置部分參數詳見表2,選用電阻絲加熱的電爐作為生物質熱解的主要能量來源。

表2 回轉窯反應系統操作參數
試驗前回轉窯內裝入秸稈180 g,設定氮氣流速200 mL/min,維持吹掃30 min。試驗設定轉速2 r/min,通過控制面板設定熱解反應溫度后開始計時。冷凝器深度冷卻設定?15 ℃。每一試驗都進行平行試驗,各產物的產率重復性誤差小于0.5%。
如圖2a、b所示,熱解液體產率隨著熱解溫度的升高呈逐漸增加趨勢,相應的熱解水產率也有所增加。當溫度從400 ℃增加到800 ℃時,熱解液體產率從29.03%增加到41.86%,相應的熱解水產率從16.81%增加到21.73%。
溫度的增加使得焦油產率先增加再降低,焦油熱值逐漸增加,詳見圖2c、d。當熱解溫度從400℃增加至700 ℃時,焦油產率從12.21%增加至21.70%,此時焦油產率最高;當溫度進一步增加到800 ℃時,焦油產率降低至20.13%。相應的焦油熱值從400 ℃時的19 974.0 kJ/kg逐漸增加到21 710.0 kJ/kg。熱解溫度的提高加快了熱解過程中熱傳遞,加劇了生物質大分子所含的羥基、羰基等含氧官能團的分解進而促進揮發物的產生,提高了熱解液體產物、熱解水和焦油產率。然而過高的溫度加劇了揮發分的二次反應,降低了焦油產率;更多的含氧雜環結構會隨著熱解溫度提高逐漸分解,因而焦油熱值逐漸增加。通過對比市售0#柴油主要物化性質[5],表3詳列了生物質焦油與柴油物化性質差異,焦油相比于柴油的熱值較低且具有更低的氫元素含量。

圖2 熱解液體、熱解水、焦油產率和焦油熱值變化

表3 生物質焦油與0#柴油物化性質對比
熱解溫度的增加可以使玉米秸稈逸出更多的揮發分,進而提高了熱解氣體積,相應的熱解氣組成中的H2和CH4含量也逐漸增加,詳見圖3 a。當溫度從400 ℃增加到800 ℃時,H2和CH4體積分數分別從0.47%和0.74%顯著增加至16.72%和14.71%。當熱解溫度從700 ℃增加至800 ℃時,H2體積分數從6.00%急劇增加至16.72%,上述變化是由于熱解溫度的提高加劇了熱解氣相產物二次反應,使得雜環結構分解轉變為氣體小分子等,熱解氣總體積從25.0 L顯著增加至31.6 L也間接驗證了該結論。
如圖4所示,生物炭產率隨著熱解溫度的增加而逐漸降低,其熱值隨之降低。當熱解溫度從400 ℃增加到800 ℃時,生物炭產率從42.37%降低至29.51%,熱值從22 575.0 kJ/kg降低至20 813.0 kJ/kg。生物炭的元素組成隨溫度變化顯著,結果詳見圖5。其中,生物炭C元素含量隨溫度增加逐漸增高,H元素含量逐漸降低,N元素含量略有降低。當熱解溫度從400 ℃增加到800 ℃時,生物炭C元素質量分數從58.80%增加至62.64%,H元素質量分數從5.04%降低至1.59%。更高熱解溫度使得玉米秸稈逸出更多的揮發分,加劇碳縮合使得無定型結構與官能團橋聯形成芳香結構的碳骨架,降低了生物炭產率和生物炭熱值。生物炭堿性主要是由于所含的碳酸鹽晶體所致[23-25],圖6對比了生物炭中2種主要堿金屬氧化物含量變化(生物炭金屬元素含量為生物炭氟到92鈾元素的百分比)。熱解溫度從400 ℃增加到800℃時,生物炭中CaO相對含量從18.79%逐漸降低至11.45%,而K2O相對含量從36.99%降低至30.95%,相應的生物炭pH值也從9.97增加至11.48(圖5),因此對于需要同時兼顧生物炭產率和pH值時,應充分考慮熱解溫度的影響。

圖3 主要氣體組成與氣體體積變化

圖4 生物炭產率、熱值及pH值隨熱解溫度的變化

圖5 生物炭元素分析

圖6 生物炭中CaO和K2O相對含量隨熱解溫度的變化
生物炭可調節土壤酸堿度,有效緩解土壤酸化板結、有機質含量下降等問題[26]。傳統堆肥周期長且不徹底、堆肥腐熟度不高、碳氮元素流失嚴重[27]。添加生物炭可有效增加空氣通透性并提高腐熟程度,提高堆肥效率和產品質量。圖7對比了不同條件下生物炭C/N和H/O比的變化。堆肥過程中C/N過高會降低微生物繁殖速度,導致發酵時間長、有機物分解速度慢、堆肥腐殖化系數低。C/N過低則會損失有機氮并散發難聞的氣味,碳氮比值約為25最為適宜[28]。熱解溫度的提高使生物炭的C/N比逐漸增加,相應的生物炭H/O有所降低,這主要是由于熱解過程中大量揮發分逸出所致,該結果也與生物炭熱值結果變化相吻合。當熱解溫度從400 ℃增加到800 ℃時,生物炭C/N比從21.02增加至28.60;當熱解溫度為600 ℃,生物炭C/N比為24.85,應用于堆肥過程中炭基肥制備較為適宜。

圖7 生物炭C/N比和H/O比
本文通過搭建小型回轉窯生物質熱解反應器,結合熱解油氣分離系統、氣體凈化系統和產物收集系統等,采用玉米秸稈為原料、集成溫控程序和平臺對物料熱解溫度的精準控制,建立了秸稈熱解產物分析方法,試驗過程中設備運行良好。
熱解溫度對回轉窯內秸稈熱解特性影響顯著,溫度的增加提高了熱解液相產物產率和熱解水產率,相應的焦油產率呈先增加后降低的趨勢。當熱解溫度為700 ℃時,焦油產率最高,約為21.70%;當溫度進一步增加到800 ℃時,焦油產率降低至20.13%。生物炭熱值和產率逐漸降低,相應的生物炭產率從42.37%降低至29.51%。熱解過程中更多的含氧雜環隨著熱解溫度提高逐漸分解,因而焦油熱值逐漸增加,生物炭H/O逐漸降低。
生物炭pH值呈堿性,熱解溫度的提高使得生物炭pH值逐漸增加,相應的C元素含量逐漸增加,H元素含量逐漸降低,這主要是由于熱解溫度的增加逸出更多揮發分并加劇碳縮合形成芳香結構的碳骨架。當熱解溫度為600 ℃時制備的生物炭應用于堆肥過程中炭基肥制備較為適宜。
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Evaluation on pyrolysis characteristics of straw in rotary kiln
Hu Erfeng1, Wu Juan2, Zhao Lixin1※, Meng Haibo1, Yao Zonglu1, Tang Sen3
(1.100125,; 2.210042,; 3.,,650093,)
Hebei is a largely agricultural province in northern China, and the crop straw amount was 58.42 million in 2017. Pyrolysis technology is an important way to realize the utilization of crop straw resources. The biochar produced also plays an important role in soil improvement, heavy metal adsorption, and water purification, especially it can regulate soil pH value and effectively alleviate soil acidification and alkalinity and other organic matter content. Pyrolysis gas can be used for heating in the north and alleviating the pollution caused by the use of a large number of inferior loose coal in rural areas. Pyrolysis liquids and wood vinegar can be used as fuels or chemical raw materials. Therefore, the pyrolysis technology has received extensive attention from experts at home and abroad. To investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of corn straw under different temperature conditions and analyze the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis products, this paper proposed a rotary kiln. The results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature raised the yields of pyrolysis liquid products and water, but decreased the yield and high heating value (HHV) of biochar. The tar yield increased first and then decreased with the rising of temperature. When the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 700 ℃, the tar yield rose from 12.21% to 21.70%, when the temperature increased to 800 ℃, the tar yield reduced to 20.13%. The tar HHV escalated from 19 974.0 to 21 710.0 kJ/kg with the increase in pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800 ℃. More oxygen-containing heterocyclic structures such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups gradually decomposed with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, thus raising the tar HHV. However, the excessively high temperature exacerbated the secondary reaction of volatiles, and therefore reduced the tar yield. The pyrolysis gas volume, H2and CH4content increased with the rising of temperature, but the biochar yield and HHV decreased, while biochar pH value and C/N ratio presented an increasing trend. The increase of pyrolysis temperature gradually increased the C/N ratio of biochar, and the corresponding biochar H/O decreased, which was mainly due to the escape of a large amount of volatiles during pyrolysis. When the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 800 ℃, the C/N ratio of biochar increased from 21.02 to 28.60. When the pyrolysis temperature was 600 ℃, the C/N ratio of biochar was 24.85, which was suitable for composting process and production of carbon-based fertilizer. The results of this study provide a reference for biochar application in agricultural production and composting of agricultural wastes.
temperature; pyrolysis; straw; rotary kiln
2019-01-21
2019-05-29
國家玉米產業技術體系任務委托協議(CARS-02-31),博士后基金(2018M631422),農業農村部重點實驗室課題“烘焙預處理對秸稈熱解產物特性影響的規律研究”
胡二峰,博士,主要從事農業生物環境與能源工程方面技術研究。Email:huerfeng@qq.com
趙立欣,研究員,主要從事生物質能資源開發利用技術與政策研究。Email:zhaolixin5092@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.11.027
TK6; TQ013
A
1002-6819(2019)-11-0233-06
胡二峰,吳 娟,趙立欣,孟海波,姚宗路,湯 森. 熱解溫度對回轉窯玉米秸稈熱解產物理化特性的影響[J]. 農業工程學報,2019,35(11):233-238. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.11.027 http://www.tcsae.org
Hu Erfeng, Wu Juan, Zhao Lixin, Meng Haibo, Yao Zonglu, Tang Sen. Evaluation on pyrolysis characteristics of straw in rotary kiln[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(11): 233-238. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.11.027 http://www.tcsae.org