潘華云






摘?要:以人教版高中英語教材必修3 Unit 5 “A Trip on ‘The True North’”的教學為例,從文本內容(What問題)、寫作意圖(Why問題)和文體特征(How問題)三個方面進行文本解讀,實施深度閱讀。即從創設語境、激活已知、熟悉話題,到讀標題、看插圖、預測主題,到快速瀏覽、獲取大意、繪制路徑圖,到提取信息、內化語言、形成概念圖,到表達感受、比較異同、做出選擇,到合理質疑、互動交流、遷移創新,再到反思內省、回歸生活、鞏固運用,在這一系列過程中探討如何基于核心素養在高中英語閱讀教學中設計文本解讀活動。
關鍵詞:高中英語;閱讀教學;文本解讀;教學課例
引言
教師對文本的解讀是閱讀教學的基礎,有效進行閱讀教學的前提在于關注“教學文本的解讀”。提高文本解讀能力是提高課堂教學實效和學生學習質量的關鍵。因此,教師應當從多角度充分分析和解讀文本,在文本解讀的基礎上通過提問等創設的教學活動激勵學生了解背景知識、創設主題語境,層層遞進地引導學生理解和分析文本,啟發學生對文本內容與價值的深層思考,從而有效地傳遞文本價值。
一、文本解讀在高中英語閱讀教學中的重要性
語篇是語言學習的主要載體。教師應該在教學中有意識地滲透有關語篇的基本知識,幫助學生形成語篇意識,把握語篇的結構特點,從而提高理解語篇意義的能力,充分利用語篇知識更加有效地獲取或傳遞信息,表達觀點和態度,達到運用語言與他人溝通和交流的目的。教師文本解讀的水平決定著教學設計的效果,也直接影響著學生的學習體驗、認知發展的維度、情感參與的深度和學習成效的高度。因此提高文本解讀能力是教師基于語篇內容培養學生學科素養,提高課堂教學時效和學生學習質量的關鍵。《普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)》強調,語篇是英語教學的基礎資源。語篇賦予語言以主題、情景和內容,并以其特有的內在邏輯結構、問題特征和語言形式來組織和呈現信息,為主題意義的表達服務。因此,深入研讀語篇、把握主題意義、挖掘文化價值、分析文本特征和語言特點及其與主題意義的關聯,對教師做好教學設計有重要意義,是教師落實英語學科核心素養目標,創設合理學習活動的重要前提。
二、通過文本解讀實現深度閱讀的教學實踐
(一)文本分析
[What]“A Trip on ‘The True North’”是一篇游記,介紹了兩姐妹乘火車從溫哥華自西向東橫跨加拿大到大西洋沿岸的旅行。文章按照旅行的時間順序和自西向東的方位順序,依次介紹了沿途經過的主要城市和地區,包括溫哥華(Vancouver)、落基山脈(the Rocky Mountains)、卡爾加里(Calgary)、桑德貝(Thunder Bay)、五大湖(the Great Lakes)、多倫多(Toronto)等,并以每個地點為依托,通過兩姐妹的所見和感悟,以及同行人Danny Lin的講述,介紹了加拿大的自然和人文地理概況,包括人口數量、國土面積、農業種植、氣候特點、體育活動、特有動物、城鄉差異、淡水資源和森林資源等。文中包含了豐富多樣的加拿大自然和人文信息,以及旅行者的內心感受。
[Why]從中國學生的角度以游記的形式介紹加拿大概況。
[How]該文是一篇典型的游記,其明線是按照時間、路線、見聞、感受的線索展開,通過兩姐妹在加拿大的親身經歷及朋友介紹,呈現了這次旅行;暗線則是對加拿大的主要地理概況(城市、人口、自然資源等)、著名景點、氣候以及風土人情等進行介紹,使讀者了解加拿大的地理、經濟、文化、農業、體育、人口、交通等方面的主要概況。
該文以時間順序展開,細節信息比較分散,只有通過分層整合時間、路線、見聞和感受等相關信息,才能在零散的信息之間建立起關聯,也才能在此基礎上進一步提煉和整合加拿大國家概況,構建相關的結構化知識,為比較中加兩國概況、在新語境中運用所學內容和實現創新表達創造條件。
(二)深度研讀文本的活動設計與設計意圖分析
Step 1:創設語境,激活已知,熟悉話題
(1)視頻熱身
教師播放視頻,讓學生用一些形容詞說說對視頻中國家的第一印象。
T:What's your first impression of Canada? Can you use some adjectives to describe it?
(2)問題導入
教師設計9個小問題測試學生,了解學生對加拿大一些基本情況的熟悉程度,以此導入到本課的課題。
T:How much do you know about Canada? Let's take a test.Are you ready?
①Canada is thelargest country in the world.
②What is the capital of Canada?
③Which is the national flag of Canada?
④What language(s) is(are) officially spoken in ?Canada??
⑤What is the national animal of Canada?
⑥Which is the national flower of Canada?
⑦What is the Canadian leader called?
⑧How many “Great Lakes” are there in Canada and what are they?
⑨Which song is the national anthem of Canada?
(3)揭題
教師從測試中的最后一題的國歌歌詞引出“The True North”,其在國歌中指的是加拿大。讓學生思考標題中的“The True North”是否也是指加拿大,并且分析標題中的介詞。
T:Let's look at the words of“O Canada”. What does “The True North” refer to?
【設計意圖】由于班上學生并不熟悉加拿大,教師通過視頻播放介紹可以讓學生對這個國家有更直觀的感覺,另外,測試及揭題環節可以讓學生從不同方面對加拿大進行了解。
Step 2:讀標題,看插圖,預測主題
教師引導學生細讀標題,重點關注 “The True North” 和 “Trip”,再看文本中的插圖(如圖1),預測文本內容。師生對話如下:
T:Please read the title and look at the picture. What do you think “The True North” refers to?
S1:Maybe a place that is in the North Pole.
T:Do you agree?
S2:No. If it is a place, here IN should be used instead of ON.
T:You are so careful. So what on earth does “The True North” refer to? We will read to find out. Now, focus your attention on “Trip” . What do you think the writer will talk about in this article?
S3:I guess maybe means of transportation, attractions, the food, local customs and some feelings.
T:Yes. Generally, the writer will mention who, why, how, when, where, what, feelings and so on. Now please read the article fast to search for such information.
【設計意圖】標題通常是文本內容的聚焦點。從標題入手,觀察標題與文本內容之間的必要聯系,從而提取與文本內容相關的線索,使文章主線浮出水面。文本中的插圖或者圖表往往能第一時間抓住讀者的眼球,增加讀者閱讀文本的興趣。它們不僅僅向學生提供了簡單明了的信息,激發學生頭腦中原有的信息,也有效地把高難度的文本信息轉化為學生易接受的圖片信息,幫助學生理解。本課例中教師引導學生根據標題和配圖,猜測文章主題,預設閱讀目標,激發好奇心,通過下面的閱讀查找文章主題和“The True North”的真正含義,驗證預測。這種有目的、有計劃的觀察閱讀活動是提升學生思維品質的重要途徑。
Step 3:快速瀏覽,獲取大意,繪制路徑圖
學生在預測之后,帶著好奇心和問題快速瀏覽全文,查找需要的信息。任務設計如下:
Task 1:To find out what “The True North ”refers to and see whether your predictions are right.
Task 2:To fill in the chart below.
Brief Introduction About the Trip
Who and her cousin
Whyto
Where (destination)
How (transportation)first by?,
then by
Task 3:To work in groups to draw a simple travel route (旅行路線) of the two girls, then present it on the blackboard.
學生完成上面的任務后,教師引導學生對這樣的旅行計劃發表看法和感想,師生對話如下:
T:From the travel route, obviously they are having a trip from west to east across the whole continent by train. What do you think of this trip?
S1:It must be very fascinating.
S2:It must be a tiring journey though interesting.
T:I can't agree more. But how did they feel before the trip according to the article?
S3:Excited.
T:Exactly.
【設計意圖】通過快速閱讀驗證上一步預測的正確性。然后分組繪制出文中主人公的加拿大旅行路線圖。之后,教師與學生一起在黑板上完成簡易路線圖。繼而引導學生了解主人公對一次長距離的異國之旅的感受并發表自己的感受。學生通過獲取、梳理有關加拿大之旅的事實性信息,分組合作繪制旅行路線圖,并發表自己的感受,在參與語言活動的過程中,培養了語言能力,提升了思維品質。
Step 4:提取信息,內化語言,形成概念圖
教師引導學生以旅行路線為主線,品讀文章,獲取旅行途中的見聞,猜測她們的旅行感受,并對獲取到的信息進行歸納、總結與評價。具體任務設計如下:
Task 1:To read Paragraph 2 for information about Canada and Vancouver.First answer the question and then fill in the chart below.
T:What can they see during the journey?
Ss:Mountains, lakes, forests, wide rivers, large cities.
Vancouver (Para.2)
Location
Climate
Entertainment
Scenery
師生對話如下:
T:According to the information you have just got, what kind of country do you think Canada is?
Ss:Big, beautiful—
T:Yes. Actually it is the 2nd largest country in the world with various beautiful scenery. Then what do you think of Vancouver?
S1:It is a charming city.
S2:I think it is a paradise for tourists, which is my dream city.
T:I agree with you. And that is why the population is increasing year by year. Vancouver is their first stop.Can you guess their feelings here?
Ss:Happy, worthwhile, fascinated, hopeful—
T:I feel so too. Let's continue to read.
Task 2:To read Paragraph 3 for information about the Rocky Mountains and Calgary.
Q1:What did they see while crossing the Rocky Mountains?
Q2:What is Calgary famous for?
Q3:How did they feel about traveling here?
師生對話如下:
T:After reading this part, can you find out what they saw while crossing the Rocky Mountains?
Ss:They caught sight of goats, a grizzly bear and an eagle.
T:Was it easy for them to catch sight of them?
Ss:No. They managed to see them.
T:Yes. To manage to do something means to try hard to do something successfully. Can you guess their ?emotions??here?
S1:They were attracted by the wonderful scenery.
S2:They felt amazed.
T:Yes, I think they were overwhelmed by such breathtaking views. And what is Calgary famous for?
Ss:The Calgary Stampede.
T:What is it about?
Ss:Cowboys having a gift for riding wild horses compete in Stampede to win much money in prizes.
T:Do you think horse?riding is as popular in China as in Canada?
Ss:No.
T:So can you guess the girls'?feelings here?
Ss:They must be curious.
T:I think your guess is reasonable. Now let's continue to read more.
Task 3:To read Paragraph 4 for information about Thunder Bay and fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph below.
Thunder Bay is acity.
Where is Thunder Bay?
It is at the top of the.
Canada has the world's total fresh water, and much of it is in.
師生對話如下:
T:How did the girls feel while traveling here?
Ss:Amazed and surprised.
T:You got it. What did they feel amazed at?
Ss:Such an empty country.
T:Right. And why did they feel surprised?
Ss:They were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
T:Yeah. What is the fact?
Ss:The fact is that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
T:Exactly.
Task 4:To read Paragraph 5 and predict what will be talked about next.
師生對話如下:
T:So what do you think will be talked about next?
Ss:Their experience in Toronto.
T:Why do you think so?
S1:From the last sentence “… southward towards Toronto.”
T:Yeah. That is an important clue. So far, we have finished reading their experience in the trip. Do you think they had a wonderful trip?
Ss:Yes.
T:From their emotions we have got (fascinated, hopeful, attracted, overwhelmed…), we can see they had a wonderful trip.
Task 5:After reading the whole passage, use the information you have got to finish the structure below ?(圖2) ?about Canada.
【設計意圖】引導學生細讀文章,獲取旅行中幾個主要地方的事實性信息(風景特征、氣候特點、文化、旅行者的感受等),對所獲取的信息進行對比分析,推測文章未提到的旅行者的感受,在此基礎上歸納、總結有關加拿大的概況和特點,形成對加拿大的結構化知識(地理、人口、經濟、文化、交通等)。學生在與老師和同學的對話中,通過推測、分析、比較、歸納、總結等提升了思維品質。
Step 5:表達感受,比較異同,做出選擇
了解了旅行者的見聞與感受之后,教師引導學生針對文中提到的四個主要地方(圖3),發表自己的見解和感受,并做出選擇:If someday you have a chance to go to Canada, where will you go? Why?
【設計意圖】這一步是基于文本的控制性語言輸出活動。在獲取旅行途中主人公的見聞與感受后,先要求學生談談自己的感受,然后在分析、比較、內化的基礎上,結合自身的愛好選擇自己喜歡的旅游城市(景點)向全班介紹,進行語言輸出。在完成任務的過程中,學生在真實的語境中運用所學的語言介紹自己最喜歡的城市(景點),既提高了語言的運用能力,也培養了思維品質。
Step 6:合理質疑,互動交流,遷移創新
Task 1:教師引導學生重新審視旅行者旅行計劃的合理性,并提出更合理的建議:
Do you like their travel plan (means of transportation, traveling route, destinations and so on)? Do you have better choices?
Task 2:在討論文中旅行者旅行計劃合理性的基礎上,教師引導學生制訂一份簡易的旅行計劃,包括去哪兒、怎么去等方面:Two of my Canadian pen pals are coming for a visit in China. Work in groups to make a ?3?day??travel plan for them.
Consider the following aspects:Where to go? How to go? What to visit? What to take? You may choose from the following places of interest in China(圖4).
【設計意圖】引導學生重新審視主人公旅行計劃的合理性,并提出更加合理的建議,培養學生的批判性思維能力。在此基礎上,學生以小組為單位,為加拿大的筆友制訂一份來中國的旅行計劃。這一設計在合作中提升了學生的創新思維能力,在選擇中國旅游景點的過程中也培養了學生的家國情懷。
Step 7:反思內省,回歸生活,鞏固運用 (布置作業)
Task 1:Improve your 3?day travel plan for my pen pals and send it to me at Phy24169988@163.com.
Task 2:Write a short passage about one of your trips, trying to use words and phrases or sentence patterns we have learned in this passage. Your writing should include the following aspects:
1.Why did you take the trip?
2.Who did you go with and who did you meet?
3.Where did you go?
4.What did you experience? (see, do, feel…)
【設計意圖】Task 1旨在讓不同小組分享、交流他們制訂的旅行計劃之后,學生重新反思自己旅行計劃的合理性,并對自己的旅行計劃進行自覺修正和完善;Task 2旨在讓學生根據本課所學的關于游記類文章的結構特點和一般要素,用閱讀中學習的語句描述自己的一次旅行,回歸生活,滿足其個性化的需要。
結束語:
通過文本研讀,教師不僅讓學生對文中兩位中國學生的加拿大之旅和文章的語言知識有了清晰的了解,還讓學生對文本的深層意義——加拿大概況和文化——有了準確的把握。同時,教師還分析了文體類型、語篇結構、語言特點和結構化知識,為組織學習內容、設計學習活動、達成學習目標奠定了必要的基礎。
由此看出,教師只有在深入解讀文本的基礎上,才能把握住文本的主題,梳理出學生需要學習的主要內容,幫助學生挖掘文化內涵,使學生構建對加拿大國家的整體認知,從而能運用所學知識創造性地介紹加拿大國家概況和文化特征,為比較中加文化和概況奠定語言、思維和文化的基礎。
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