黃文彬 徐平 曹靈紅

摘要:目的 ?研究急性肺栓塞患者的流行病學特征。方法 ?收集2015年1月1日~2017年1月1日我院經CT肺動脈造影檢查確診肺栓塞患者的相關基本信息,描述其性別、年齡、易患因素、臨床表現、PESI分級構成,分析發病時間分布特點,描述轉歸情況。結果 ?133例急性肺栓塞患者,男性81例,女性52例,平均年齡(69.12±12.90)歲;前5位易患因素分別為:老齡91例(68.42%)、淺靜脈血栓形成57例(42.86%)、臥床3 d以上39例(29.32%)、慢性心力衰竭或呼吸衰竭34例(25.56%)、外科手術28例(21.05%);臨床表現:呼吸困難96例(72.18%)、胸痛24例(18.05%)、(先兆)暈厥22例(16.54%)、咯血14例(10.53%);PESI分級:Ⅰ級13例(13.53%)、Ⅱ級43例(32.33%)、Ⅲ級44例(33.08%)、Ⅳ級14例(10.53%)、Ⅴ級(10.53%);時間分布:月分布及周分布無高峰點及高峰段,時刻分布高峰點為12時48分,高峰段為7時49分~17時47分;轉歸情況:好轉95例(71.43%)、放棄治療29例(21.80%)、轉上級醫院7例(5.26%)、痊愈1例(0.75%)、死亡1例(0.75%)。結論 ?通過對133例急性肺栓塞患者的流行病學特征研究,了解目前肺栓塞發病的易患因素、臨床表現及時間分布特征,可以更好的指導臨床工作。
關鍵詞:肺栓塞;流行病學;時間分布特征
中圖分類號:R563.5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.18.034
文章編號:1006-1959(2019)18-0104-04
Abstract:Objective ?To study the epidemiological characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Methods ?The basic information of patients with pulmonary embolism diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography in our hospital from January 1, 2015 to January 1, 2017 was collected. The gender, age, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, PESI grades were analyzed. Time distribution characteristics, describing the outcome of the outcome.Results ?There were 133 patients with acute pulmonary embolism, including 81 males and 52 females with an average age of (69.12±12.90) years. The top 5 predisposing factors were 91 elderly patients (68.42%),There were 57 cases (42.86%) with superficial vein thrombosis, 39 cases (29.32%) with bedridden more than 3 d, 34 cases (25.56%) with chronic heart failure or respiratory failure, and 28 cases (21.05%) with surgical operation. Clinical manifestations: dyspnea 96 Case (72.18%), chest pain in 24 cases (18.05%), (aura) 22 cases (16.54%), hemoptysis 14 cases (10.53%); PESI classification: 13 cases of grade I (13.53%), 43 cases of grade II ( 32.33%), 44 cases (33.08%) of grade III, 14 cases (10.53%) of grade IV,Grade V (10.53%); time distribution: monthly distribution and weekly distribution without peaks and peaks, time distribution peak point is 12:48, peak period is 7:49 to 17:47; outcome: improvement 95 cases (71.43%), 29 cases (21.80%) were abandoned, 7 cases (5.26%) were transferred to higher level hospitals, 1 case (0.75%) was cured, and 1 case (0.75%) died. Conclusion ?The epidemiological characteristics of 133 patients with acute pulmonary embolism can be used to understand the current predisposing factors, clinical manifestations and time distribution characteristics of pulmonary embolism, which can better guide clinical work.
肺栓塞是深靜脈血栓形成所致并發癥中可以危及生命的嚴重并發癥,本研究發現,肺栓塞的主要易患因素包括老齡、淺靜脈血栓形成、臥床3 d以上、慢性心力衰竭或呼吸衰竭、外科手術。一項關于肺栓塞發生率的Meta分析表明,在接受重大手術的患者中,在圍手術期評估患者的易患因素及死亡風險是極其重要的,且盡早的對有主要易患因素的患者進行干預,可以減少肺栓塞的發生[10]。除此之外,在弱易患因素中,久坐可能引起潛在的靜脈淤積,而高凝狀態及血管內皮異常也是其發病機制的高危因素,但也有研究發現,高血壓病史、糖尿病史、吸煙史對肺栓塞患者的死亡風險無顯著相關性[11]。
本研究肺栓塞的發生并無性別之分,男女比例1.56∶1,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),而平均年齡(69.12±12.90)歲,說明肺栓塞的發病階段主要集中在老年人,符合其在易患因素中占首位的結果。
肺栓塞并無特異性的臨床表現,本研究中的133例肺栓塞患者以呼吸困難(72.18%)和胸痛(18.05%)為主要臨床表現。肺栓塞的自然病程取決于血栓形成的程度和生理反應,因此,危險分層對急性肺栓塞的預后和治療至關重要[12]。肺栓塞嚴重指數評分分級提示2級(32.33%)、3級(33.08%)占大多數。
目前針對肺栓塞的研究很多,但是對嚴重的肺栓塞患者,足以入住重癥監護室的調查研究相對較少,而需要機械通氣的肺栓塞流行病學相關研究就更少了。研究表明[13],隨著時間的推移,肺栓塞患者入住重癥監護室的幾率將會升高,死亡率增高,預后差,特別是在機械通氣的患者中。本研究中同樣發現入住重癥監護室的患者預后較沒有入住重癥監護室的患者要差,但沒有針對是否行機械通氣的情況進行進一步的研究比較。
統計資料表明,該133例肺栓塞患者的時間分布情況如下:月分布無高峰點及高峰段;周分布無高峰點及高峰段;時刻分布高峰點為12時48分,高峰段為7時49分~17時47分。說明肺栓塞的發病全年無明顯差異,而發病高峰段在白天,但也不除外是因為白天就診的患者多所致,這還需要進一步深入研究探討。就近兩年自貢市第四人民醫院診治肺栓塞的情況來看,經救治好轉的患者占大多數(71.43%)。
通過對近兩年來就診于自貢市第四人民醫院的133例急性肺栓塞患者進行研究,能夠充分的體現本地區肺栓塞的流行病學基本特征及救治水平,可以更好的指導以后的臨床工作。
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收稿日期:2019-5-27;修回日期:2019-6-18
編輯/楊倩