王穎杰 薛道路 焦嵐軼 廖國強 齊東遷



Abstract:Compared with traditional cascade H bridge topology, cascaded U-Cell topology of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has few switch devices, low loss and good economic value. However, cascaded U-Cell also exists the problem of unbalanced capacitor voltage, which affects the system reliable operation in severe cases. A mathematical model of cascaded U-Cell is built for this problem, and the principle of capacitor charging and phase-capacitor voltage balance are analyzed in detail. Based on this, a control strategy combining redundant switching states rotation and active voltage vector superimposed by switching state is put forward in the paper, of which is extended to arbitrary odd number level. This strategy can make the device loss more uniform, achieved the balance of the capacitor voltage in the cascade U-Cell, and improve the reliability of the system. Finally, the simulation and experiment platforms of STATCOM based on five-level cascaded U-Cell topology are built to verify the correctness of the theory and control strategy.
Keywords:cascaded U-Cell;STATCOM;redundant switch state;switch state rotation;active voltage vector
0 引 言
無功功率補償是電力系統的重要組成部分,能夠校正功率因數,改善電壓調整率,提高系統動靜態穩定性[1]。無功功率補償常用的拓撲是級聯H橋[2-3]。級聯U-Cell結構是在級聯H橋結構的基礎上改進所得,輸出相同電平數時,級聯U-Cell可以使用更少的開關器件,且其通態損耗比級聯H橋少很多,因此總損耗明顯降低[4]。
級聯U-Cell中直流側電壓均衡控制直接關系到變流器交流側輸出波形質量和變流器的動態響應速度[5]。目前級聯U-Cell電壓均衡控制方法主要有以下兩種[6]:一種是調整變換器輸出電壓和相電壓相位差;另一種是脈沖輪換調制算法。文獻[4]通過改變電網相電壓和變換器輸出電壓之間的相位差實現無功補償,此種方法可以穩定直流電壓但未能實現電容電壓的均衡。文獻[6]采用脈沖輪換的調制策略,在兩個調制波周期輪換對電容充放電。因為輪換周期較長,所以并未完全實現相內電容平衡控制,同時此種方法只適用于五電平級聯U-Cell,普適性較差。
級聯U-Cell每個模塊為二端口,這與級聯H橋一端口模塊相比,相內電容電壓平衡控制相對較復雜。本文從開關狀態輪換的SPWM調制算法和基于開關狀態疊加有功電壓矢量控制策略入手,分別解決由拓撲本身造成電容電壓不平衡,和各U-Cell單元損耗差異等造成的電容電壓不平衡問題。首先,建立五電平級聯U-Cell電容充電數學模型,從數學公式推導出開關狀態輪換的SPWM調制算法實現相內電容電壓平衡的可行性,使器件損耗更均勻化。其次,根據開關狀態疊加相應有功電壓矢量到調制波,調整電容充放電時間,從而進一步解決相內電容電壓不平衡的問題。采用零序電壓注入法解決相間電壓不平衡問題。最后通過仿真和實驗進行驗證。
1 級聯U-Cell拓撲結構及數學模型
1.1 級聯U-Cell的拓撲結構
級聯U-Cell是在級聯H橋拓撲基礎上進行的一些改進,改進過程如圖1所示。
在級聯H橋中,子模塊由一個電容和4個開關管組成,多個子模塊構成了級聯H橋,且對應位置的開關管滿足開通關斷互補的關系。在級聯U-Cell結構中,子模塊有一個電容和兩個開關管構成,且相鄰兩個模塊中的電容極性相反。半模塊中只有開關管,同樣在對應位置的開關管需要開通關斷互補。
4 結 論
在輸出相同電平數的情況下,級聯U-Cell STATCOM拓撲結構使用更少的開關器件,降低了器件損耗,提高了補償效率,具有一定的研究意義。冗余開關狀態輪換的調制策略不僅解決了直流側電容電壓不平衡,使得器件損耗更均勻化,開關狀態疊加有功電壓矢量解決了因器件實際損耗差異等原因造成的不平衡,調制和控制的雙重調控,較好提高了系統的可靠性和穩定性。本文進行了仿真和試驗驗證,結果表明該方法控制效果良好,該方法是有效和可行的。
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(編輯:賈志超)