核心素養培養背景下“定語從句縮略”教學

王學斌

（陜西省鎮安中學，陜西商洛 711500）

引 言

定語從句“縮略”的含義可以從三個方面來理解。顧名思義，一是定語從句的“縮”，即將原句變短；二是定語從句的“略”，是指將原句中的關系代詞省略；三是定語從句的“縮略”，是指將定語從句做定語，轉換成其他語言形式做定語[1]。原句雖經過“縮”“略”或“縮略”，但句意不受影響。在語法上，我們習慣稱這一語言現象為定語從句的縮略。

一般來說，運用定語從句的縮略能夠豐富表達形式，提高閱讀速度，提升閱讀理解能力，有利于提高綜合語言表達能力，能夠“發展學生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力”[2]，從而落實新課程標準對英語學科核心素養培養提出的具體要求。

一、定語從句“縮”的探究

觀察、比較下列例句，探究定語從句“縮”的用法。

（1）I met a man who（m） my grandfather worked with 30 years ago.

（2）The man who（m）I am thinking of invented the first real clock.

【歸納】

在上述例句中，whom 引導定語從句時，可用who 來替代，在表達形式上進行“縮”。

二、定語從句“略”的探究

觀察、比較下列例句，探究定語從句“略”的用法。

（1）I met a man （who）my grandfather worked with 30 years ago.

（2）I wanted visited the house （which / that）my grandparents lived in.

【歸納】

在上述例句中，當關系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時可以省略，在表達或書寫形式上稱為“略”。

三、定語從句“縮略”的探究

觀察、比較下列例句，探究定語從句“縮略”的用法。

（1）A picture which dates from 118 BC has been found.

A picture dating from 118 BC has been found.

（2）The Three Gorges Dam is a hydro-electric project, which has brought an end to the danger of flooding.

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydro-electric project, having brought an end to the danger of flooding.

（3）They came from a village, which was submerged in the reservoir.

They came from a village, submerged in the reservoir.

（4）They were on a visit that was organized by the government.

They were on a visit organized by the government.

（5）The river, which is the third longest in the world, is an absolutely beautiful place to visit.

The river, the third longest in the world,is an absolutely beautiful place to visit.

（6）The dam will generate electricity which is equal to about 40 million tons of coal without causing so much air pollution.

The dam will generate electricity equal to about 40 million tons of coal without causing so much air pollution.

（7）The valley is now part of the reservoir created by the Three Gorges Dam.

The valley is now part of the reservoir which was created by the Three Gorges Dam.

（8）The people living in the village have moved to other places.

The people who lived in the village have moved to other places.

（9）The World Trade Center twin towers, destroyed in September 2001, were 417 and 415 meters high.

The World Trade Center twin towers, which were destroyed in September 2001, were 417 and 415 meters high.

（10）The Grand Canal, the world oldest and longest canal, was built in the fifth century BC.

The Grand Canal, which is the world oldest and longest canal, was built in the fifth century BC.

【歸納】

第一，當關系代詞在定語從句中做主語時，可將從句做定語變為分詞或分詞短語做定語。從句是主動語態時，用現在分詞做定語，如例句（1）（2）；從句是被動語態時，用過去分詞做定語，如例句（3）（4）。第二，當關系代詞在定語從句中做主語，且從句謂語為系表結構時，可將從句做定語變為名詞或形容詞短語補充或說明原定語從句的先行詞，如例句（5）（6）。當從句為非限定性定語從句時，名詞或形容詞短語相當于同位語，如例句（5）。第三，分詞或分詞短語做定語可以轉換為定語從句做定語，如例句（7）（8）（9）。第四，起補充或說明作用的同位語可以轉換為非限定性定語從句，如例句（10）。

結 語

總之，只要引導學生通過觀察、發現、比較、歸納和訓練，把握定語從句“縮略”的語法規則，活學活用定語從句的“縮略”，就能通過學習方式的改變，培養學生的學科核心素養，提高學生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的綜合語言運用能力。