“巧克力”社區(qū)發(fā)展中心，庫埃納瓦卡，莫雷洛斯，墨西哥

建筑設(shè)計：毛里西奧·羅查 + 加芙列拉·卡里略建筑工作室

1 鳥瞰/Aerial view

建筑概念回應(yīng)了來自庫埃納瓦卡市區(qū)中心名為卡羅萊納的古老社區(qū)的需求與機遇。這是一座生長于庫埃納瓦卡蜿蜒地形之上的傳統(tǒng)社區(qū)，有著極高的城市密度，卻僅有寥寥幾處休閑場所。由國家文化部進(jìn)行的一項重要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在該社區(qū)及其周邊地區(qū)，成員人數(shù)在25 人以上的交響樂團數(shù)量超過25 個，這里還有著各種各樣的足球隊，以及許多對絲網(wǎng)印刷和攝影感興趣的兒童與年輕人。人們渴望這樣一種公共空間——文化、娛樂和體育在這里聚合而成為他們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹哪芰吭慈M(jìn)而令歷史地區(qū)內(nèi)各個社區(qū)中存在的社會失序得到修正。

我們這樣想象著一處巨大的“空”（庭院），它是一個可以舉辦各種各樣活動的會場，從非正式足球賽，到文藝演出，亦或是音樂會排練。我們在庫埃納瓦卡美妙的氣候環(huán)境中思考，想象著這座建筑能夠令使用者不受室內(nèi)外界限的束縛。靈活的交通組織最好要有許多室外露臺，再加上多重流線來使人們分別到達(dá)不同的工作區(qū)域和這些露臺。在我們腦海中，一棟“涼棚”似的建筑有著合理的高度，其自身投下的陰影能給予首層良好的遮蔭效果。工作坊的房間既能夠通過打開北向的大窗實現(xiàn)一倍的可用面積擴展，又能夠通過徹底閉合南側(cè)立面來避免陽光直射并達(dá)到舒適的照明效果。

我們設(shè)計了一道“墻”，在彌合室外高差的同時，形成了對行政區(qū)域的圍合區(qū)隔。圖書館在視覺上連接了項目中的第二處“空”（庭院）——綠洲。作為第二樂章，它被構(gòu)想與第一個庭院中的“硬質(zhì)虛空”完全相反的狀態(tài)。它呈現(xiàn)為一個大花園，園中樹影搖曳，而四周的墻壁則可以在夜間作為電影放映的屏幕，或成為孩子們肆意玩耍嬉戲的道具。在功能安排上，底層設(shè)有一處宏大的柱廊，大型工作坊被置于二層，房間可以欣賞到庫埃納瓦卡市區(qū)中心的園景。

建筑使用了素混凝土和巧克力色的“灰蓋”（墨西哥術(shù)語tepetate，指地質(zhì)層位）土磚。一方面因為這一地塊曾經(jīng)的昵稱正來自其以前放置“巧克力”公車的地塊用途，另一方面則是源于這種材料的易維護性和良好的聲學(xué)、熱學(xué)特性，直接免除了室內(nèi)空間對空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的需求。

場所被設(shè)計為一個四面圍合的封閉空間，只在角部打開。從這里，人們進(jìn)入到一個為社區(qū)服務(wù)的庭院，其中將充滿多樣的活動與工作坊。在我們當(dāng)下的時代，社交媒體導(dǎo)致了親友和鄰里關(guān)系的疏遠(yuǎn)，因此高參與度的活動更顯得必要。這也是方案構(gòu)思的初衷，希望建筑空間是多功能的、靈活可變的，能夠容納發(fā)生無限的可能性；我們尊重記憶，但歸根結(jié)底更要意識到當(dāng)?shù)氐男枨蟆夂驐l件和所在的城市景觀，這些是為卡羅萊納社區(qū)想象出這些“巧克力”的關(guān)鍵源頭。□（陳茜 譯）

2 外景/Exterior view

3 總平面/Site plan

The building concept responds to the needs and opportunities offered by the old neighbourhood La Carolina in Cuernavaca's downtown heart. A traditional neighbourhood embedded in Cuernavaca sinuous topography with a high urban density and just a few places for recreation. The important research done by the Ministry of Culture of the state found that in that neighbourhood and its surroundings there were over 25 orchestras with more than 25 members each, various soccer teams,many children and young people interested in silkscreen printing and photography as well the need for a common space where culture, recreation and sport would be a source of energy for their daily life, thus correcting social disruption among the neighbourhoods as part of the historic site.

That's how we imagine a great void, as a forum to host any diversity of activities, from an informal soccer match to theatrical performances or concert rehearsals. Thinking in Cuernavaca's marvellous climate and imaging a building that would allow the user to break the boundaries between interior and exterior. Flexible transits to have outdoor terraces and multiple circulations that allow diverse access to different working areas and those terraces. We thought in a "pergola" building that would allow good height and cast shadow over the ground floor and for the workshops to multiply its size by opening big windows to the north and shouting down completely its south fa?ades achieving a right illumination and avoiding sun exposure.

We design a wall that compensates level differences outdoors and housed administrative areas and the library that also visually connects to the second void in the project: the oasis. This second phase was conceived as and opposite for the "hard void" in the first patio, a large garden where the trees cast shadows and where the surrounding walls will be used as movie screens during the night or to have recreational and ludic activities for the children. The programme is completed with a large portico in the ground floor and a larger workshop in the first floor with the opportunity to look out to the garden in Cuernavaca's urban heart.

The building was conceived in apparent concrete and chocolate-brown "tepetate" because of the plot's old nickname given since the plot used to lodge "chocolate" buses and because those are low maintenance materials and provides acoustic and thermic properties for the indoor spaces without the need for air conditioner system.

Designing a space close to its surroundings with an opening in its corner to fill up a void for the neighbourhood full of activities, workshops and participative-events is fundamental to us in an age where social media had distanced human relationships between families and neighbours. The conception of a space with multiple uses, flexible and especially versatile for any thing to happen;respecting the memory but above all recognising the local needs, as well its climate and urban scape were the key sources to imagine some "Chocolates" in La Carolina.□

4 首層平面/Ground floor plan

5 二層平面/Frist floor plan

6 外景/Exterior view

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Ministry of Culture of the State of Morelos

地點/Location: Amado Nervo No. 201, corner with Rubén Darío in La Carolina, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

建筑設(shè)計/Architectural Studio: Taller | Mauricio Rocha +Gabriela Carrillo |

主持建筑師/Architects: Mauricio Rocha, Gabriela Carrillo

項目團隊/Project Team: Juan Carlos Montiel, Giordana Rojas, Alma Caballero, Andrés Burguete, Karim Gómez,Arturo Ojeda, Lilia Salgado

施工/Construction: Carser

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineering: Ingeniería Estructural Sismoresistente S.A. de C.V.

結(jié)構(gòu)工程顧問/Structural Engineering Advice: Secretaría de Obras Públicas del Estado de Morelos - Ing. Victor Escobar

水暖安裝/Plumbing Installations: Taller 2M Arq

照明/Lighting: Eléctrica Polux, S.A. de C.V.

建筑木工/Architectural Carpentry: Taller |Mauricio Rocha+ Gabriela Carrillo|

項目面積/Project Area: 建筑面積/Built 1763m2, 室外面積/exterior 1023m2

項目周期/Project Year: 2014-2018

模型/Model: Francisco Ortiz

攝影/Photos: Jaime Navarro (fig. 1,2,6,13,14,16,18), Rafael Gamo (fig. 15,17)

7 南立面/South elevation

8 東立面/East elevation

9.10 橫剖面/Transverse sections

11.12 縱剖面/Longitudinal sections

13.14 外景/Exterior views

15.16 外景/Exterior views

評論

路璐：根據(jù)社區(qū)的復(fù)雜功能需求，建筑師把3個條狀體量懸于被圍合的廣場之上，是對類型的超越；適應(yīng)地域氣候特點，建筑通過自身體量實現(xiàn)了遮陽效果，比擬涼棚（pérgola），是對形式的類比。這個項目充分地顯示了建筑師對于形式，功能和場地之間關(guān)系的敏感，讓人想到西班牙已故建筑師亞歷山大·德拉索塔在1960年代初完成的馬德里馬拉維亞斯學(xué)校體育館。“tepetate”泛指火山巖硬化土層，作為建造材料在墨西哥有著悠久的歷史，土著人也把它用作肥料。而這些傳統(tǒng)材料的優(yōu)雅呈現(xiàn)，證明了墨西哥仍然存在著一個龐大的工匠（泥瓦匠）系統(tǒng)，他們也是龐大的低收入階層。

莫妮卡·阿雷利亞諾：加芙列拉·卡里略與毛里西奧·羅查是墨西哥建筑師中專研地方材料與服務(wù)社區(qū)的空間融合可行性的典型代表。這個項目，就像許多該工作室的其他項目一樣，表現(xiàn)出對這兩方面的探索，以產(chǎn)生能夠?qū)⒃O(shè)計與功能結(jié)合的美妙空間。“巧克力”社區(qū)中心旨在為缺乏基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的地區(qū)提供一種新型空間，所有在過去相互獨立的活動都能夠在該空間中發(fā)生，而該自由空間的集合則安靜地作為社區(qū)生活的舞臺。（龐凌波 譯）

17 外景/Exterior view

18 內(nèi)景/Interior view

19 細(xì)部/Fa?ade detail section

Comments

LU Lu: Based on the complex functional demand in the neighbourhood, the architect hangs three strip-shape constructions over the enclosed square, which transcends its architectural category; considering the local climate characteristics, the shaded effect is realised through the self-body of the architecture like a pérgola, which is a form analogy. The project fully reflects the architect's sensitivity to the relationship among the architectural form, function, and site,which reminds people of the master piece of Gimnasio Maravillas in Madrid by Alejandro de la Sota, the late Spanish architect, that is finished in the early 1960s. "Tepetate" generally refers to the hardened soil layer of volcanic that has been used as construction material in Mexico for a long time, and the aboriginal people also use it as fertilizer. What's more, the elegant presentation of these traditional materials proves the existence of a huge craftsman (mason)system (which is also a giant low-income class) in Mexico. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

Monica Arellano: Gabriela Carrillo and Mauricio Rocha are some of the most important exponents in Mexico who have put on the table the search to integrate materials from the region with spaces that serve communities in a practical way. This project, like many others in the office shows this dual search to generate beautiful spaces that touch and combine design with functionality. Los Chocolates sought and found to provide a new space where all the activities that happened separately in a region with lacking infrastructure would be concentrated in a single ensemble with free spaces, quietly located as the stage of the life of the neighbourhood.