掌握文脈詞語巧解完形填空

邱彩花

完形填空題不是單靠語感來決定選項的，一定要通過上下文的語境來決定。在答題之前，首先要對文章的主題和脈絡有個清晰的把握。

縱觀歷屆高考完形填空題，其文本多數(shù)是記敘文或夾敘夾議的文體，記敘文或夾敘夾議通常都是講述一個故事，正如蔡康永所說的“是個故事就要‘有意義，而且‘不順利?！?/p>

“有意義”就是故事的寓意，是指作者在經歷某次事件之后從中得出的道理、感悟或經驗教訓，通常會在故事的結尾點出，有時也會在故事的一開頭就說明。

“不順利”則是指作者或故事主人翁所經歷的曲折，通常是開頭并不順利、歷經磨難、出現(xiàn)轉機或終于成功做成某事或者脫險等，其中要經歷自身心理的抗爭，身體的掙扎，故事情節(jié)可能跌宕起伏、經歷一波三折，無論開頭有多么的艱難或多么的不幸，到故事的最后，情節(jié)都會出現(xiàn)反轉，主人公都會獲得成功、對社會做出了貢獻、心理起了變化、心靈得到救贖等。

因此，找出文中能體現(xiàn)文脈的或有關故事情節(jié)發(fā)展的關鍵語句，對正確解題至關重要。筆者從近幾年的高考試題中梳理出了有關文脈絡的詞匯，希望對考生考前復習有所幫助。

一、表示不順利的詞語

表達如天氣惡劣、道路堵塞、供應中斷等不順利的詞或短語有很多。如：

傾盆大雨rain heavily， pour

暴雨storm， thunderstorm

難以忍受的unbearable

撞車car crash

遇上瓢潑大雨be caught in a downpour

被絆住/卡住/夾住be caught（in /on）

卡住不能動stick

被困be trapped in

（路）被阻斷be blocked out

（路）濕滑 / 滑倒slip， slippery， slide

凍得/怕發(fā)抖be shaking with fear /cold

迷路lose ones way， be lost in， be at a loss

（食物/水/電力等）中斷（food /water /electricity supplies） be cut off

即學即練

1.（2016全國Ⅲ卷）One afternoon， I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller _________ going over a fence—which wasnt hard to climb if you had both arms.

A. stuck B. hurt C. tired D. lost

2.（2016年浙江卷）My husband was ordered out on a long-term duty， and I was left in a tiny shack（棚屋）alone. The heat was_________—almost 125°F even in the shade of a cactus（仙人掌）.

A. inflexible B. incomprehensible

C. uncontrollableD. unbearable

答案：1. A 2. D

二、表示歷經磨難的詞語

碰到某人run into sb， came across sb， come on /upon sb

奮斗，戰(zhàn)斗fight

奮力，盡力struggle

遭受/經歷through /go through

遭受苦難suffer

遭遇（困難等）be met with

面臨/必須對付be faced with

前往made ones way to /towards

擠進去push ones way

蜿蜒向前wind /wound ones way

摸索著前進feel ones way

挑戰(zhàn)/受到挑戰(zhàn)challenge/ challenged

眼淚從臉上留下tears pour down ones cheek

被拒絕be turned down， be rejected /refused /declined

被打敗felt beaten

倍感挫敗feel frustrated

倍感失望disappointed

擊敗，打敗defeat/ defeated

汗流浹背sweat （vi.）

緊張的nervous /anxious

嘆氣sigh

放棄give up

徒勞in vain

陷入困境中in trouble

即學即練

1.（2019年全國Ⅱ卷）Jeff had hunted in Lowa before Thanksgiving with his dog， Rosie， but the gun shots had scared the dog off. Jeff searched________for Rosie in the next four days.

A. on purposeB. on timeC. in turnD. in vain

2.（2018年全國Ⅱ卷）Getting a little closer， I realized one kayak（皮劃艇）was in________.“Somethings not right ！”

A. troubleB. advanceC. questionD. battle

答案：1. D 2. A

三、表示成功或結果的詞句

表示成功做成某事、實現(xiàn)目標、對社會做出了貢獻、心理起了變化等的詞句。如：

所有的付出都有了回報。All efforts paid off.

我的計劃奏效了。My plan worked. / It worked perfectly.

我成功了！I made it.

我成功地做成某事。I succeeded in doing sth.

實現(xiàn)某人的目標/目的fulfill /realize / achieve / reach ones aim goal

變得強大/堅定grow tall /big /bigger /determined

成為……最優(yōu)秀的人make sb the top of /be ranked the best

改善/促進promote /improve /better

救，挽救，拯救save

接受accept

導致/促進result in， cause， lead to， contribute to，

使……擺脫free ... from ...

松了一口氣relief /relieve

如釋重負地松了口氣breathe a sigh of relief

使某人能夠做成某事enable sb to do sth

即學即練

（1）（2019全國Ⅰ卷）I find a clean mountain， with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are significant but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be ________.

49. A. paying off B. spreading out

C. blowing up ? D. fading away

（2）（2019全國Ⅱ卷）Ehlers returned to Minnesotan， and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan.“Its good to know theres still someone out there who cares enough to go to that kind of trouble，”says Lisa of Ehlers rescue ________.

58. A. serviceB. planC. effortD. team

答案：1. A 2. C

四、表示情節(jié)發(fā)展的信息詞

關注文章出現(xiàn)的有關情節(jié)發(fā)展的一些動詞或名詞，這些詞往往也是考點。如：

改變，變化change

發(fā)現(xiàn)/（沒）注意到spot， notice， discover， take（no）notice of

我開始意識到I came to believe that .../ I come to know that... /I began to realize ...

直到那時我才意識到Only then did I realize ...

某人突然想起某事It struck /hit sb that ... / It occurred to sb that...

某事使我想起It reminded sb that ...

即學即練

1.（2019全國Ⅲ卷）“Of course， we notice it when the sun is shining，” says Karin Ro， who works for the towns tourism office. “We see the sky is blue， but down in the valley its darker — its like on a cloudy day.” But that________when a system of high-tech mirrors was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks（山峰）into the valley below...

A. helped B. changedC. happenedD. mattered

2. （2018全國Ⅱ卷）He was unconscious and as I looked at his face， something________to me.

Those brown eyes were very familiar“Whats his name？” I asked the instructor. “Ben，” he replied， and immediately I knew.That stranger was my son！

A. happenedB. occurredC. appliedD. appealed

答案：1. B? 3. B

五、影響文脈發(fā)展的語篇結構詞

也叫過渡詞，有時候這些詞也是考點。如：

故事的過程gradually

故事的轉機suddenly， abruptly， unluckily， unfortunately， fortunately， luckily

轉折but， however， in fact， actually， on the other hand， nevertheless

相反instead， on the contrary

時間的先后first， soon， later， then， eventually， at last， finally

即學即練

1.（2019全國Ⅲ卷）The 3，500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time.? ________， the new light feels like more than enough for the towns sun-starved residents.

A. Instead???? B. However??? C. Gradually???? D. Similarly

2.（2018全國Ⅱ卷）The instructors called for an ambulance. ______， after a brief stay in hospital， Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.

A. FortunatelyB. FranklyC. SadlyD. Suddenly

3.（2017全國Ⅰ卷）The professor was deaf and any talking was prohibited. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. ________， if there had been any talking， it would have caused us to learn less.

A. LastlyB. ThusC. InsteadD. However

答案：1. B 2. A 3. C

六、有關主人公心理和情感變化的詞

表示驚訝的有surprise， amaze， shock， astonish等。

表示高興的有delight， pleasure， pleasant， excited， thrilled， happy， glad， joy， cheer， amuse， entertain等。

表示失望、沮喪、尷尬等的有disappoint， despair， hopeless， down， be cast down， depressed， discourage， embarrass等。

表示擔憂、害怕、驚恐等的有worried， upset， concerned， nervous， anxious， frightened， scared， fear， alarmed， terrified， threatened， panic， heart-stopping等。

表示勞累的有tired， exhausted， worn， worn out等。

表示自豪、受到鼓舞等的有pride， proud， hope， hopeful， desire， inspired， admire， encouraged等。

表示滿意、感興趣、感動、輕松等的有pleased， satisfied， interested， fascinated， touched， moved， relaxed， relieved等。

表示同情、傷心、后悔、生氣的有regret， sympathize， sad， sorrow， sorrowful， grief， mourn， annoyed等。

表示相信、懷疑、猶豫、困惑等的有convinced， believe， belief， doubt， doubtful， skeptical（=sceptical）， hesitate， confused， puzzled等。

感動得流淚moved to tears

稱贊或責怪praise， scold

哭笑cry， sob， smile， laugh

（使）變得喜悅light up

（因傷痛、害怕、激動等）尖叫scream

迫不及待要做某事can hardly/ cant wait to do sth

欣然接受（機會、建議等）等jump at sth

即學即練

1.（2019年全國Ⅰ卷）Every year about 40，000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro， the highest mountain in Africa. They bring with them lots of waste. The crowds might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers（冰川）are disappearing， changing the face of Kilimanjaro.

Hearing these stories， Im________about the place — other destinations are described as“purer”natural experiences.

However， I soon discover that much has changed ...

A. silentB. skepticalC. seriousD. crazy

2. （2018全國Ⅱ卷）Two weeks earlier， my son， Ben， had got in touch. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id last seen him. So imagine my delight when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me. I was________！

A. scaredB. shockedC. thrilledD. ashamed

答案：1. B 2. C

七、有關故事寓意和作者感受的詞

故事的結尾通常會有作者從經歷中悟出的道理，得出的經驗教訓或人生哲理等。

從……中獲得take sth from ...

從這次經歷中領悟到learned from the experience that ...

從這次經歷中獲益良多benefit a lot from the experience

給某人留下深刻的印象make an impression on sb

起作用;有影響make a difference

引起，影響cause， affect， influence， impact

引起關注gain/ draw/ attract ones attention

欣賞/難忘/感激等thankful， grateful， unforgettable， admire， appreciate， appreciation

注意，有些運用倒敘寫法的文章，其故事的寓意在文章一開始就提出，隨后才是故事的經過。有時候幾件事放在一起敘述，故事寓意也有可能在文章中間;作者對某事的思考也常會出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。

即學即練：

1.（2018全國Ⅲ卷）Lindseys husband was totally astonished by the unexpected visit. “I dont think we would have randomly invited him over but we ________it and the gifts.”

A. admitB. needC. appreciateD. expect

2.（2017全國Ⅱ卷）I told the story to the class. As sad as it was， I couldnt help smiling. Although Freddy was taken from us， we all________something from Freddy.

A. choseB. tookC. expectedD. borrowed

答案：1. C 2. B

八、特別關注以下這些詞

完形填空?？荚~：

1. yet還;然而;更加

2. even甚至，連，即使;（修飾比較級）更;甚至可以說，其實

3. still依然，還是;然后，不過;（修飾比較級）更;此外，還有;（adj.）不動的，寂靜的

4. just剛才;正好;只是;此刻

5. simply（=just）只是，僅僅;絕對地

6. anyway/anyhow無論如何;至少

7. after all畢竟，別忘了;終究;到底

即學即練

1.（2016全國Ⅱ卷）Everything they know about you came through this device， sometimes from hundreds of miles away.

（1）??? they feel they can know you? （2）?? from the sound of your voice.

（1）A. ThusB. Yet?? C. ThenD. Indeed

（2）A. rather ????? B. alsoC. just????? D. already

2.（2016全國Ⅲ卷）I thought to myself， how even without an arm he was more of a leader. Damaged but not defeated， he was________ahead of me.

A. still B. also C. yet D. just

答案：1.（1）B（3）C 2. A

責任編輯蔣小青