倪修凡 張尤歷 徐岷
[摘要] 消化道腫瘤包括食管癌、胃癌、結直腸癌、肝癌、胰腺癌等,均具有較高的發病率和死亡率。目前,化療是臨床治療消化道腫瘤的方法之一,但長期應用化療藥物常導致腫瘤細胞對化療藥物產生耐藥性,是目前腫瘤治療的重要挑戰之一。外泌體是由雙層膜構成的直徑為30~100 nm的小囊泡,其內部包含蛋白質、核酸、脂質等。近年來發現其通過介導細胞間通訊、調節腫瘤微環境參與到腫瘤一系列發生發展中,尤其對于腫瘤的化療耐藥性具有重要影響。本文主要總結了國內外關于外泌體參與消化道腫瘤化療耐藥的研究,旨在更直觀地闡述外泌體介導消化道腫瘤化療耐藥的機制,為腫瘤耐藥的研究提供新思路。
[關鍵詞] 外泌體;消化道腫瘤;化療耐藥;腫瘤微環境
[中圖分類號] R735? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)06(c)-0049-04
[Abstract] The digestive system tumor including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, which have high morbidity and mortality. At present, chemotherapy is one of the treatments for digestive system tumors, but long-term application of chemotherapy drugs often causes drug resistance in tumor cells, which is one of the important challenge in tumor treatment. Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of 30-100 nm, which are composed of bilayer membrane. The exosomes contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. In recent years, it has been found that exosomes participate in a series of tumor development and development by mediating intercellular communication and regulating tumor microenvironment, especially having an important impact on tumor chemotherapy resistance. This paper mainly summarized the domestic and foreign studies on the involvement of exosomes in the chemotherapy resistance of digestive system tumors, aiming to intuitively expound the mechanism of exosomes mediating the chemotherapy resistance of digestive system tumors, and provide new ideas for the study of tumor resistance.
[Key words] Exosome; Gastrointestinal tumors; Chemotherapeutic resistance; Tumor microenvironment
消化道腫瘤包括食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、結直腸癌、胰腺癌等,在腫瘤的致死組成中占1/4,其特點是發病率高、預后差[1]。化療目前是消化道腫瘤的一種重要治療方式,尤其對于晚期患者,化療效果與其預后密切相關,但患者往往會產生耐藥性。而外泌體在化療耐藥的過程中發揮了重要的作用。
外泌體是直徑在30~100 nm的小囊泡,起源于細胞內吞途徑中的多泡體,通過胞膜內陷形成囊泡釋放至細胞基質中[2]。其內包含核酸、脂質及蛋白質等多種成分,這些成分在外泌體磷脂雙分子層包裹下有更強的穩定性,同時因其膜上的特異性蛋白,從而賦予傳遞信息物質的特異性[3]。外泌體參與了腫瘤發展的各個過程,尤其在腫瘤耐藥性提升過程中,外泌體包裹的核酸、蛋白等物質起到了關鍵作用。故明確外泌體的作用方式及其介導的關鍵核酸、蛋白對探索腫瘤化療耐藥新方法具有重要的指導意義。
1 外泌體與消化道腫瘤
外泌體在消化道腫瘤進展中具有重要作用,參與調控腫瘤微環境、調節上皮-間充質轉化(EMT)及提升腫瘤細胞耐藥性等過程。Wang等[4]發現缺氧誘導的胰腺癌細胞通過外泌體傳遞miR-301a-3p激活PTEN/PI3Kγ通路誘導巨噬細胞的M2極化,進而促進胰腺癌細胞的增殖與遷移。結腸癌SW480細胞分泌的外泌體被HepG2細胞攝取后,促進信號調節激酶ERK1/2磷酸化,激活MAPK信號通路促進結腸癌細胞的轉移[5]。此外,外泌體所包含的特異性蛋白及核酸作為腫瘤診斷標志物目前也有諸多報道。以下將對外泌體與消化道腫瘤化療耐藥的關系展開敘述,總結外泌體參與這一過程的主要方式及具體機制。
2 外泌體參與消化道腫瘤化療耐藥
近來發現外泌體對到消化道腫瘤化療耐藥這一過程具有重要影響。其主要通過兩個方面參與腫瘤耐藥:①耐藥細胞通過外泌體賦予敏感細胞耐藥性;②微環境中腫瘤相關基質細胞的外泌體參與調節腫瘤細胞耐藥。下面,將對消化道各腫瘤化療耐藥展開詳細的論述。
4 展望
隨著醫療技術的發展,消化道腫瘤在診斷、治療方面已取得了長足的進步,但仍需進一步明確腫瘤的發生發展機制。化療作為目前腫瘤治療的關鍵點,需要找到腫瘤耐藥的根源,更好地解決化療耐藥這一難題。外泌體作為重要的細胞間信息交流的媒介,在腫瘤耐藥發生的過程中起到了關鍵作用,盡管尚未完全明確各腫瘤之間外泌體攜帶物的差異及明確機制,但外泌體在耐藥中的研究已得到了初步揭示。在今后的研究中,明確各腫瘤化療耐藥過程中外泌體介導的具體分子變得尤其重要,可為靶向治療及利用外泌體的新型治療提供重要的理論依據。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-14? 本文編輯:劉明玉)