曹雙雙 王建偉 王展 馬惠姿 馮濤
[摘要] 近二十多年來,經顱超聲(TCS)檢查越來越多地用于運動障礙性疾病的診斷及鑒別診斷。與其他影像學檢查手段(如CT、MRI、PET)比較,TCS設備相對便宜、操作便捷、檢查無創,值得推廣。但TCS檢查結果受多種因素影響,如受檢者顳窗顯示情況、黑質表現差異、檢查者經驗等因素,故檢查結果的有效性存在爭議。由于帕金森病的臨床異質性較大,診斷帕金森病需結合臨床表現及多種輔助檢查。TCS檢查可作為一種影像學標志物為帕金森病診斷提供輔助證據。本文詳細描述了經顱黑質超聲的檢查方法、判定標準及可能機制,總結分析TCS在帕金森病的診斷、鑒別診斷及高危人群監測方面的價值,指出其局限性及改進方向,為今后更好地應用TCS檢查提供幫助。
[關鍵詞] 經顱超聲;帕金森病;臨床價值;局限性;改進方向
[中圖分類號] R742.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)06(c)-0053-04
[Abstract] In the past two decades, transcranial ultrasound (TCS) examination has been used more and more in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of movement disorders. Compared with other imaging inspection methods, such as computed tomography, as well as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, TCS is worthy of promotion with the advantages of lower cost, more convenient and non-invasive operation. However, the results of TCS examination are affected by many factors, such as the patient′s temporal window display, the difference in the performance of the substantia nigra, the examiner′s experience and other factors, so the validity of the examination results is controversial. Due to the great clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson′s disease, the diagnosis of Parkinson′s disease requires a combination of clinical manifestations and multiple auxiliary examinations. Transcranial ultrasound can be used as an imaging marker to provide supporting evidence for the diagnosis of Parkinson′s disease. This paper describes the examination methods, determination criteria and possible mechanisms of transcranial substantia nigra in details. Furthermore, we have summarized and analyzed the value of TCS in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and monitoring of high-risk populations in Parkinson′s disease, and pointed out its limitations with improving direction to help the better application in the further.
[Key words] Transcranial sonography; Parkinson′s disease; Clinical value; Limitation; Improving direction
帕金森病(Parkinson′s disease,PD)是最常見的神經系統變性疾病之一。PD的主要病理表現是黑質多巴胺能神經元變性缺失和路易小體(Lewy body,LB)形成。臨床表現以運動遲緩、靜止性震顫、肌強直為主要特征。PD診斷的金標準是死后病理診斷,臨床診斷主要基于核心臨床癥狀及藥物反應性等。然而帕金森樣癥狀并非PD患者所特有,且PD患者臨床異質性較大,以上均對PD診斷帶來挑戰。為提高PD早期診斷率,眾多生物學標志物被提出[1-2],包括臨床癥狀、生物化學、基因學和神經影像學等。從Becker首次描述PD患者黑質回聲增強(substantia nigra hyperechogenicity,SN+)以來,國內外大量研究報道經顱超聲(TCS)可作為PD影像學標志物之一,為PD早期診斷提供輔助證據,并協助鑒別其他運動障礙性疾病。現對TCS在PD臨床診斷中的研究進展作一綜述。
1 經顱黑質超聲檢查(transcranial sonography of substantia nigra,SN-TCS)
1.1 操作方法
患者多取仰臥位,必要時也可取坐位。囑患者先將頭轉向檢查者對面,經耳前顳窗軸位掃描,在軸位上可發現被高回聲信號的腳間池所包圍的低或無回聲信號的蝴蝶狀中腦結構,緩慢向上移動10°~20°可探及第三腦室及周圍結構。用相同方法對患者另一側顳窗部位進行探查掃描。超聲參數一般設置為:穿透深度14~16 cm,動態范圍45~55 dB,頻率2.0~3.5 MHz,根據需要調整亮度和時間增益補償[3]。
1.2 經顱黑質超聲的判定方法
1.2.1 黑質回聲強度的判定? 通常分為5級,Ⅰ級:呈均勻分布低回聲;Ⅱ級:可見散在點狀、細線狀稍高回聲;Ⅲ級:回聲呈斑片狀增強并低于腳間池回聲;Ⅳ級:回聲呈斑片狀增強并等于腳間池回聲;Ⅴ級:回聲呈斑片狀增強并高于腳間池回聲。回聲強度≥Ⅲ級視為SN+。
1.2.2 經顱黑質超聲結果判定? Walter[4]回顧了SN-TCS的判定標準,有的以SN+面積較大側為準,有的以雙側強回聲面積平均值為準。多數研究以SN+面積≥0.25 cm2定義為黑質回聲異常。Huang等[5]用黑質強回聲面積/同側中腦面積(S/M),發現約92.5%的晚發型PD患者S/M>7%,故將最佳閾值界定為7%。
1.3 SN+的病理機制
目前導致中腦黑質強回聲的機制尚不清楚。多數研究[6-7]提示可能與鐵沉積及神經膠質細胞增生有關。正常情況下,黑質中存在大量與蛋白結合的鐵,病理情況下游離鐵釋放增多。有研究[8]通過檢測PD患者血清和腦脊液中鐵及相關蛋白的水平,分析其鐵代謝特征,提示PD患者SN+與鐵代謝異常有關,包括鐵從周圍系統向中樞神經系統的轉運增加、細胞內鐵釋放減少及腦內鐵沉積過多。Zhu等[7]研究發現,鐵沉積及神經膠質細胞激活都有助于PD患者SN+形成,鐵沉積及SN+與多巴胺能神經元壞死有關,而鐵螯合劑去鐵胺通過抑制SN+表現出神經保護作用。另外,蒼白球中含有大量結合鐵,但并不致異常回聲增強,也提示SN+可能與游離鐵增多有關。
2 TCS對PD的臨床應用價值
研究發現84%~90%的原發性PD患者SN+[9-10],約10%的健康人群存在黑質強回聲[3]。2013年歐洲運動障礙性疾病分會[11]建議TCS可用于以下方面:①PD與非典型帕金森綜合征(APS)的鑒別;②PD高危人群監測;③PD早期診斷。
2.1 PD與APS的鑒別
臨床上PD的鑒別診斷貫穿始終,尤其是病程早期,有時鑒別診斷非常困難。TCS檢查可為PD與APS鑒別提供依據,但需結合顱內其他部位檢查。SN+在PD患者中十分常見,而豆狀核回聲增強(LN+)和第三腦室增寬(3V+)在APS中常見[12-14]。Alonso-Canovas等[15]將PD、APS及健康人群對比分析,發現SN+對診斷PD的敏感性良好(80%),但特異性較差(61%)。若將顱內多個部位回聲特征聯合分析,如SN/LN、SN/3V、SN/3V/LN,可明顯增高診斷特異性,但敏感性大大下降。以上提示單純TCS檢查對鑒別PD與APS的作用有限。需要指出的是,SN+可能在鑒別PD與非變性病(如特發性震顫ET)方面更有優勢。Jesus-Ribeiro等[16]對比SN-TCS及123Ⅰ標記的DAT-PET掃描,對早期PD(H-Y分期≤2期)與ET患者進行鑒別,結果提示SN-TCS診斷PD的敏感性及特異性與DAT-PET相似。
2.2 PD高危人群監測
PD患者的一級親屬、PD相關突變基因的攜帶者更常見SN+,功能影像學檢查顯示以上人群中部分人18F標記的多巴胺攝取減少,說明已存在黑質紋狀體功能受損[3]。多數研究[9,12]顯示ET患者SN+發生比例較正常人群高,在15%左右。ET患者SN+是發展為PD的危險標志物[17]。抑郁人群發展為PD的概率較正常人群高,抑郁癥患者在TCS檢查時可見腦干中縫核信號減低或消失,而中腦黑質回聲多正常。若患者存在抑郁狀態且呈現SN+,則需警惕該患者的抑郁癥狀可能是PD的運動前期癥狀或PD本身的伴發癥狀[18-19]。
以上研究提示TCS檢查可為部分PD高危人群監測提供幫助,但其對PD的預測價值仍待驗證。Iranzo等[20]對55例原發性快速眼動期睡眠行為障礙(IRBD)患者隨訪5年,發現SN+的IRBD患者預測發展為突觸核蛋白病的敏感性為42.1%,特異性為67.7%,陽性預測值為44.4%,陰性預測值為65.6%,提示單純TCS檢查并不是IRBD發展為PD的有效預測工具,且黑質強回聲面積隨時間變化不顯著。
2.3 PD早期診斷
TCS檢查對PD的早期診斷價值存在爭議。與健康人群比較,SN-TCS檢查是診斷PD的有效工具[21]。但在帕金森綜合征患者中,TCS檢查用于早期診斷PD的能力有限。例如與多系統萎縮(MSA)鑒別時,TCS檢查可在一定程度上幫助區分非震顫為主型PD與多系統萎縮-帕金森型(MSA-P),但其鑒別特異性差,尤其是在疾病早期[22]。多項研究[23-24]用TCS與DAT-PET比較,結果提示TCS診斷PD的敏感性及特異性較差(64.7%~68.7%、40%~60%),提示TCS不能作為早期診斷PD的有效工具。需要指出的是,Alonso-Canovas等[25]對172例帕金森綜合征患者隨訪3年,發現黑質回聲正常的患者往往預示對多巴胺能藥物反應不佳,或最終否定PD診斷。
筆者認為研究結果不一致的原因可能有:不同研究對TCS應用于PD診斷的鑒別對象不同,與非變性病鑒別時效能良好,與APS鑒別時效能下降;研究的樣本量不同;更重要的原因可能是不同研究對SN+的界定標準不同,且SN+的判定與操作者經驗及主觀性有關。
3 TCS的局限性及新技術
TCS的局限性主要表現在以下方面:①部分受檢者顳窗顯示不良,亞洲老年女性檢查失敗率更高[26];②SN+的判定受人為因素影響:TCS檢查時最佳切面選擇與操作者經驗有關;黑質回聲強度判定存在主觀性;計算SN+面積、中腦面積時存在人為誤差。為突破TCS檢查的弊端,近年來TCS新技術不斷被報道。有研究[12,27]應用計算機自動分析系統,先將大量超聲圖像整合到軟件中,當檢查某位患者時,操作人員僅需標記出突出感興趣區,計算機會自動測量相應區域回聲強度,由此可實現對黑質回聲強度的量化。近期一項研究[28]顯示,將突出感興趣區范圍擴大到整個中腦時,其識別性能最佳。
TCS與磁共振聯合(TCS-MRI)形成融合圖像,可協助選擇黑質強回聲最佳切面,還可應用TCS將深部腦刺激(DBS)術后圖像與術前MRI圖像融合。Plate等[29-30]多次研究提示3D-TCS技術在經驗不足的操作者中應用前景較大。通過3D重建,不但可以幫助尋找黑質回聲最佳成像,同時減少因顳窗不良導致的檢查失敗(3D-TCS失敗率為3.9%~4.3%,2D-TCD失敗率為10%~20%)。我國復旦大學實驗室[31]將經顱B超(TBS)與經顱多普勒超聲(TDS)結合,組成多模式TCS檢查,在檢測黑質結構及回聲強度的同時檢測血流特征,從而提高TCS在PD診斷中的應用價值。
需要注意的是,TCS因其操作方便、無創、價格低廉等優勢被廣泛應用,對其改進時仍需保持其優勢。TCS作為PD診斷的檢查手段之一,可聯合其他標志物特征和檢查方法以提高臨床應用價值。另外,仍需大樣本循證醫學研究來界定SN+的最佳判定標準。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-21? 本文編輯:封? ?華)