Econef兒童中心，阿魯沙，坦桑尼亞

建筑設計：阿桑特建筑設計事務所，倫奎斯特與瓦納莫建筑師事務所

Architects: Asante Architecture & Design, L?nnqvist & Vanamo Architects

1 外景/Exterior view（攝影/Photo: 羅賓·哈耶斯/Robin Hayes）

Econef兒童中心攜手阿桑特建筑設計事務所、倫奎斯特與瓦納莫建筑師事務所、瑞典無國界建筑師協會、瑞典無國界工程師協會以及Econef（瑞典坦桑尼亞非政府組織），致力于提高阿魯沙地區孤兒的生活水平。

Econef是一家獨立的無政府組織，坐落在坦桑尼亞北部阿魯沙郊外的胡亞卡利，在私人捐款的幫助下為胡亞卡利孤兒院的16名兒童提供安全保障與日常必需品。這座新建的兒童中心設有寢室及教室，可供25名兒童使用。

自主可持續發展的兒童中心

兒童中心項目旨在提高Econef的經濟獨立性，以減少對私人捐贈的依賴。為了實現這一目標，新建筑基本上無需維護，在生態與經濟方面實行可持續發展。該中心通過太陽能板自行發電，并在建筑設計中融入雨水收集系統和自然通風系統。項目采用當地的施工技術與材料，以傳統技術為基礎，盡量減少對外來施工技術的依賴以及過高的運輸成本。

建筑材料

當地的施工人員與工匠一同建造了這座兒童中心，在遵循本土傳統建筑技術的同時又引入該地區簡單的創新手法。木質屋頂結構將波紋鋼制的上層屋頂抬高，以便屋頂和內部天花板之間保持空氣流通。兩層屋頂間鋪有劍麻桿，防止昆蟲或鳥類在其下筑巢。內部天花板則鋪有一層隔熱物質，來隔離太陽的熱量與夜晚的低溫。墻壁便采用當地傳統的燒透磚砌成。門窗均由焊接而成，百葉窗在遮擋正午陽光的同時，也讓充足的光線灑入室內。

蓄集雨水

非洲的猴面包樹可長至20m高，擁有獨特的蓄水功能；其樹干可容納水量多達120,000L，以便在沙漠干旱時期存活下來。正如猴面包樹一般，該建筑通過中央水槽從屋脊收集雨水，而水槽則可將水引入兩座內院的兩個地下水箱中。所收集的雨水用途頗多，可為淋浴或洗衣設施供水。

參與性規劃與社會因素

Econef孤兒院的孩子們從一開始便參與了規劃過程：他們對當地環境的了解對于設計過程來說至關重要，而在參與過程中也可讓大家對新設施產生主人翁意識。該項目是瑞典項目組、國際志愿人員組、坦桑尼亞客戶組織以及施工隊之間協力合作的成果，也是所有團隊文化交流的結晶。 （王單單 譯）

2 庭院/Courtyard（攝影/Photo: 羅賓·哈耶斯/Robin Hayes）

Econef Children's Centre is a collaboration with Asante Architecture & Design, L?nnqvist & Vanamo Architects, Architects Without Borders Sweden,Engineers Without Borders Sweden and Econef, a Swedish-Tanzanian NGO that aims to improve the standard of living for orphans in the Arusha area.

Econef is an independent non-governmental organisation located in Jua-kali, outside Arusha in northern Tanzania. With the help of private donations ECONEF is able to offer security and everyday necessities for the 16 children living at the Jua Kali orphanage. The new Children's Centre includes sleeping quarters and classrooms for 25 children.

A Self-sustainable Children's Centre

The aim of the Children's Centre Project is to increase Econef's independence and reduce its reliance on private donations. To help achieve this goal the new buildings are planned to be ecologically and economically sustainable and largely maintenance free. The centre produces its own electricity through the installation of solar panels.Systems for rainwater harvesting and natural ventilation are integrated into the architectural design. The construction techniques and materials are local and based on traditional techniques to minimise the need for external construction expertise and excessive transportation costs.

Building Materials

The centre is constructed in collaboration with local builders and craftsmen, following the methods of local building tradition, while introducing a simple yet innovative typology in the region. The wooden roof construction elevates the upper roof of corrugated steel to create air flow between the roof and the inner ceiling. The space between the two roofs is covered with sisal poles to prevent insects and birds from nesting below the roof.The inner ceiling holds a layer of thermal mass,protecting against the heat of the sun and the lower temperatures at night. The walls are built of traditional local burnt bricks. The doors and the windows are welded. The louvered windows block the midday sunshine but still let in plenty of daylight.

Rain Water Harvesting

The African baobab tree can grow to be 20 metres in height, and has a unique quality to retain water. The trunk can hold up to 120,000 litres of water and can in this way survive the desert's dry periods. Much like the baobab trees, the building harvests rainwater from the roof's spine through a central gutter that leads water into two underground water tanks in two of the inner courtyards. The collected rain water serves several functions by supplying water to showers and laundry facilities.

Participatory Planning and Social Aspects

The children at the Econef orphanage have been involved in the planning process from the beginning. Not only has their knowledge of the local environment been essential for the design process, but their participation is also likely to result in a sense of ownership for the new facilities. The project has been teamwork and a genuine cultural exchange between the Swedish project group, the international group of volunteers and the Tanzanian client organisation and construction team.

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: 坦桑尼亞阿魯沙區金沃里/Kingori, Arusha,Tanzania

客戶/Clients: 為坦桑尼亞Econef無償服務/Pro-bono work for Econef Tanzania

主持建筑師/Lead Architects: 卡羅琳娜·維克斯特倫，弗麗達·厄斯特（阿桑特建筑設計事務所），皮爾維·瓦納莫（倫奎斯特與瓦納莫建筑師事務所）/Carolina Wikstr?m,Frida ?ster (Asante Architecture & Design), Pilvi Vanamo(L?nnqvist & Vanamo Architects)

設計團隊/Design Team: 盧卡斯·比杜（阿桑特建筑設計事務所，瑞典無國界建筑師協會），約克姆·貝科爾德（A-Direkt）/Lukas Bid? (Asante Architecture & Design,Architects Without Borders Sweden), Jockum Beckeld(A-Direkt)

結構設計/Engineering: 科內利斯·奧斯坎普/Cornelis Oskamp

景觀設計/Landscape: 安娜·瓦爾曼，尤利婭·維爾克納斯，約翰娜·亞德蘭·博伊瓦爾，漢娜·尼爾松/Anna Valman,Julia Vilkenas, Johanna Ardland Bojvall, Hanne Nilsson

合作/Collaborators: Econef，瑞典無國界建筑師協會，瑞典無國界工程師協會/Econef, Architects Without Borders Sweden, Engineers Without Borders Sweden

總建筑面積/Gross Built Area: 650 m2

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2018

攝影/Photos: 羅賓·哈耶斯/Robin Hayes

3 總平面/Site plan

4 平面/Plan

5 剖面/Section

6 庭院/Courtyard

7 細部/Detail

8 內景/Interior view

（6-8 攝影/Photos: 羅賓·哈耶斯/Robin Hayes）

9 庭院/Courtyard

10 公共小院/Public yard

（9.10 攝影/Photos: 羅賓·哈耶斯/Robin Hayes）

評論

程曉青：本土、低成本、但不失溫暖用心的細部設計是這個位于坦桑尼亞的孤兒院最打動人的地方。建筑師與當地工匠一起，用傳統材料和工藝營建的同時融入了很多簡單的創新：半開敞的生活空間、焊接的百葉窗保證了充足的自然通風和日照，設置在屋頂處的空氣層和隔熱材料隔絕了炎熱的氣候，劍麻桿避免了鳥類對生活的干擾，學習猴面包樹而設計的中央水槽則解決了日常用水的需要，能源取自天然，形象回歸鄉野。孩子們被邀請參與規劃設計使這里真正成為他們自己的家。

袁野：建筑平面通過功能實體和院落的平行錯動，形成緊湊、開放和彈性的格局，并為未來發展提供了可能。外廊如同半開放的“房間”，成為兒童開展學習生活的主要場所。手工砌筑的磚柱和磚墻、清水混凝土梁、木屋架和金屬屋面共同構成邏輯清晰、施工簡單、造價低廉的結構體系，是本土建造技術的“在地性”創新。

輕巧的雙層坡屋頂響應了地域氣候特征，將遮陽、自然通風、雨水收集等適宜的生態策略整合在一起。檐下連續排列的當地植物稈莖既起到實用的圍護功能，又形成了直接而令人印象深刻的文化表達。整個建筑質樸而精致，冷靜且具有暖意和溫情，并和諧地融入坦桑尼亞的鄉土風景之中。

11 庭院/Courtyard（攝影/Photo: 羅賓·哈耶斯/Robin Hayes）

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: The vernacular, low cost yet warm and thoughtful design is the most impressive part of the orphanage in Tanzania. The architects worked with local artisans to incorporate many simple innovations when employing traditional materials and techniques:while semi-open living spaces and welded louvres ensured ample natural ventilation and sunlight, the air layer and thermal insulation materials on the roof protected against the hot climate. Moreover, sisal poles prevented birds from interfering with life and the central gutter that imitated baobab trees tackled the daily need for water. The energy is collected from nature, whereas its image echoes the countryside. The children were invited to participate in the planning and design of the project to make it their own home.(Translated by Dandan Wang)

YUAN Ye: Through the parallel dislocation of functional entities and courtyards, the plan forms a compact, open and elastic pattern, and provides the possibility for future development. Like a semiopen "room", the veranda has become the main place for children to learn and live. Hand built brick columns and walls, fair-faced concrete beams, wooden roof trusses and metal roofs constitute a structural system with clear logic, simple construction and low cost, which is the "local" innovation of Indigenous construction technology.

In response to the regional climate characteristics,the lightweight double slope roof integrates appropriate ecological strategies such as shading,natural ventilation and rainwater collection. The continuous arrangement of local plant stalks under the eaves not only practically acts as an enclosure in function, but also forms a direct and impressive cultural expression. The whole building is simple and exquisite, calm and warm, and harmoniously integrated into the local scenery of Tanzania.