SOS兒童村，塔朱拉，吉布提

建筑設計：烏爾科·桑切斯建筑師事務所

Architects: Urko Sanchez Architects

1 外景/Exterior view（攝影/Photo: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas）

背景

SOS兒童村是一個國際非政府組織，致力于照顧孤兒或需要幫助的兒童，并為其提供永久的港灣及家庭環境。建筑師受該組織之邀為孩子們設計一座擁有15所住宅的小區，以支持當地的“家園強化”計劃。項目坐落在非洲之角的吉布提海岸，位于塔朱拉，靠近有記錄以來最炎熱之地。因此，這種炎熱干燥的氣候成為了建筑師設計解決方案的決定性因素。

另一方面，正如非洲許多其他地方一樣，該地區缺乏建筑規范，使得開發商自行建造低質量、短期可租的建筑，往往把可持續發展拋諸腦后。對于建筑師而言，這種自由既意味著巨大的責任，也創造了設計高質量、低預算住宅區的理想環境。

設計方案

在對項目地進行大量調查后，建筑師得出一些要點，并選擇了以麥地那為基礎的類型學。

（1）社區與傳統

作為傳統的沙漠游牧民族，當地居民與開放空間的關系極其重要，許多活動都在這種空間里舉行。建筑師確保每棟住宅都有一個足夠私密的空間，使其成為家庭和日常生活的一部分——這與最小開放空間的當代趨勢相反。此外，如同傳統的麥地那一樣，住房均朝內：該小區設有圍墻，營造出親密感、社區感和安全感，完美契合了社會與環境背景。

（2）通風與熱舒適性

該項目是炎熱氣候下的傳統類型學。典型的狹窄街道和最佳的朝向是被動式通風和有效通風的最佳解決方案，讓極端氣候也變得適宜居住。建筑師對最佳的自然通風進行了詳細研究：小巷的朝向、“通風走廊”和房屋表面的大開口或小開口。在空氣無法自由流通的臨界點，建筑師建造的高聳通風井——名為“捕風塔”，可以“捕捉住”風再將其引入室內，從而讓室內空間保持清新的空氣流通。這雖是實驗性設計，其結果卻相當有效。遮陽和空氣對流均為營造舒適氣候的必要條件。為了優化上述條件，這些房屋都遵循了相同的方案。建筑師們在經過充分研究后讓其彼此相連，有時成為兩個重疊的住宅——屋頂即是露臺。

正如麥地那的典型建筑，“最佳距離”讓每棟住宅都擁有了私密性：它們為公共空間和私人空間提供了清晰的定義，方便居民使用戶外空間。通過住宅間的最佳距離這一布局，開放式空間成為房屋的一個組成部分——一個內部與外部之間有著強烈聯系的私人空間。

由于每個開口處均未設系統化的大門，這種滲透性便愈加強烈。鑒于當地的氣候且預算較低，用門來關閉所有開口顯然沒有必要——該地區很少下雨且自由流動的空氣至關重要；當然這也不是我們想要的：較大的開口可以讓SOS兒童村的母親們在整個村莊里有機地監督孩子們，加強每棟房屋與其私人開放空間的必然聯系。這種開放的狀態也讓孩童們盡情地自由玩耍。因此，大型開口有時為半封閉的阿拉伯式窗戶格柵——另一種通風且能見度適中的傳統解決方案。剩下唯一完全封閉的空間則是臥室。

（3）安全性與自給自足

對于孩子來說，這里就是麥地那。在當地的文化背景下，狹窄的街道有時會變成不同大小的廣場，以舉辦公共活動，建立一種社區意識——一種在SOS兒童村的運作過程中至關重要的意識。這些開放空間也是孩子們用來玩耍的安全空間：車輛無法入內，僅其中一個入口處設有數個停車位。這樣一來，該項目便成為了娛樂活動的固定場所，而其間隙空間也適合舉辦各種活動。項目地種有植物：盡管氣候干燥，鼓勵居民適當養護植物有助打造公共綠植網絡。從長遠來看，這些樹在長成時可提供額外的蔭涼并起到降溫效果。建筑師還利用日照充足的炎熱氣候為住宅提供太陽能：該項目配備了自給自足的光伏發電設備。

材料

由于預算較低，建筑師采用了來自南非公司的鋼筋混凝土結構、預制水泥塊和水泥飾面。灰白的泥土色飾面有助于反射盡可能多的光，同時也可融入周圍景觀。

總之，SOS兒童村是一個生命的庇護所，居住于此的家庭可以對其進行改造，并通過生動多彩的觸感（例如他們傳統的服飾與家具）賦予其生命。如今，該項目在社會及建筑層面上都可謂非常成功，當地居民經常來此光顧。 （王單單 譯）

2 廣場/Square（攝影/Photo: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas）

Context

The architects were approached by SOS Kinderdorf for a compound of 15 houses for children,to run their family-strengthening programmes, as they are an international NGO committed to caring for children, orphaned or in need, and to provide them with a permanent home and family. The project was to take place in Tadjourah, on the coast of Djibouti, in the horn of Africa, not far from where the hottest temperature ever was recorded. This very hot and dry climate will be a determining aspect in the architects' design solution.

On the other hand, and as in many other places in Africa, there is a lack of regulations of constructions, which often leaves developers the freedom to build low quality, short-term rentable architectures, often leaving sustainability behind.For the architects, this freedom comes with great responsibility and it was the ideal context to design a high quality, low budget compound.

Design Scheme

After extensive research on the place, the architects came to a few principal points and opted for a medina-based typology.

(1) Community and Traditions

As traditionally nomads in the desert, the local residents' relationship with open space is essential and many activities take place there. Going against the contemporary flow of minimal open space, the architects made sure every house had one that was private enough for it to become an integral part of the home and of everyday life. Moreover, and much like a traditional medina, the houses all look inwards:the compound is a walled quarter, providing intimacy,and a sense of community and security, well-adapted to the social and environmental context.

(2) Ventilation and Thermal Comfort

It is a traditional typology in hot climates. Its typical narrow streets and optimal orientations are a great solution for passive and effective ventilation, to render the extreme climate habitable.The architects conducted a very detailed study for optimal natural ventilation: by the orientation of alleys, the "ventilation corridors", and by the openings, big or small, in the surfaces of the houses.In critical points, and when it was not possible to have a free flow of air, the architects created tall ventilation shafts, which we called "wind catcher towers": they "catch" the wind and direct it into the room, hence keeping a refreshing air flow in the interior spaces. It was experimental and turned out quite efficient. To optimise sun shading and crossventilation, both essential to make the climate viable, the houses follow the same scheme but are placed in relation to one another in a well-studied manner, sometimes becoming two superimposed houses, where roofs are terraces.

So typical of medinas, these optimal distances are also a tool for keeping the privacy of each house:they participate in the clear definition between public and private spaces, which encourages residents to use the outdoors. Through a layout with optimal distances between houses, each open space becomes an integral part of the house, a private space with a strong relation between interior and exterior.

3.4 屋頂/Roof

（3.4 攝影/Photos: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas）

Permeability is further strengthened by an absence of systematic doors at every opening. With the climate and the low budget, closing all openings with doors was not necessary, as it rarely rains and the free flow of air is much needed; nor was it wanted: keeping large openings would allow an organic surveillance by the SOS mothers across the village, and strengthen the essential relationship of every house with its private, open space. This openness also puts children in an ideal position for free play. As such, large openings are sometimes half-closed with a moucharabieh, another traditional solution for ventilation and mild visibility. The only spaces that are completely impermeable are the bedrooms.

(3) Safety and Self-Sufficiency

As it is a medina for children, and in the local cultural context, the narrow streets sometimes open up to become squares of different sizes,where communal activities take place and a sense of community can be built, a sense that is essential in the functioning of SOS children's villages. Those open spaces are also safe spaces for children to play,as cars are completely kept out of the project, with a few parking lots at one of the entrances. In this way, the project is a constant place of recreation,and interstitial spaces are suited for various activities. Plants are introduced everywhere needed in the project: despite the aridity of the climate,encouraging residents to take proper care of them generates a network of communal greenery and, on the long run, those trees will grow to provide extra shade and cool down the spaces. The architects also took advantage of the hot, sunny climate to power houses with solar energy: the project is equipped for self-sufficient, photovoltaic electricity production.

5 首層平面/Ground floor plan

6 二層平面/First floor plan

7 庭院/Courtyard（攝影/Photo: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas）

Materials

As the architects were working with a low budget,we use a reinforced concrete structure, precast cement blocks, and Concrete finish from a South African company. The pale, earthy tone finish is for reflecting a maximum of light and blending in the landscape.

Ultimately, the SOS Children's village is a shell to protect life, adaptable by the families who will inhabit it and bring it to life, with the colourful,vivid touch of their traditional clothing and furniture, to name a few. It is today a success on a social and architectural level and is often visited by the residents of the area.

8 二層外景/First floor exterior view

9 庭院/Courtyard

（8.9 攝影/Photos: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas）

項目信息/Credits and Data

建筑類型/Type: 人道主義建筑/Humanitarian

客戶/Client: 國際SOS兒童村/SOS Children's Villages,INTERNATIONAL

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 烏爾科·桑切斯/Urko Sanchez

合作者（駐肯尼亞）/Collaborators (Based in Kenya): 弗里茨·巴赫萊希納（奧地利項目經理），埃斯特雷利亞·德·安德烈斯（西班牙建筑師），奧利弗·卡布雷（烏干達工程師）/Fritz Bachlechner (Austrian project manager), Estrella de Andrés (Spanish architect), Oliver Kabure (Kenyan engineer)

合作者（駐吉布提）/Collaborators (Based in Djibouti):傅吉（音，中國承包商），約翰·安德魯斯（烏干達建筑師），所有在現場工作的吉布提人/Dji Fu (Chinese contractor), John Andrews (Ugandan architect), all the Djiboutian who worked on site

施工時間/Construction Period: 2011-2014

攝影/Photos: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas

評論

程曉青：面對本項目特殊的服務對象，建筑師所做的不僅僅是建設一座居住的家園，也是在塑造一處心靈的家園。方案最大的特色是采用封閉式的聚落平面營造安全的社區、采用組團式的房間布局營造溫馨的家庭，而這兩點恰恰是這些孩子們所缺失的。設計清晰地體現了炎熱地區的氣候特點和生活習慣，狹窄的街巷形成錯落有致的通風走廊，高聳的通風井捕捉并放大氣流，無成本的自然通風有效改善了居住環境；散落在各個家庭的公共空間去除了封閉的大門，也消除了彼此的分隔，讓孩子們可以自由地交流玩耍。

袁野：基于炎熱干燥的氣候類型學，SOS兒童村以一種“緊密”的方式將多個小家庭組成一個大家庭，塑造了一個如同“蜂巢”般的自然結構。整體格局的對外封閉和對內開放符合對安全的需求，并有助于社區感的形成。家庭之間通過私密到公共的巧妙過渡建立領域感。曲折的小巷、微型廣場和無處不在的天井強調了對遮陽、通風和降溫的智慧回應。外部空間如同迷宮一般，激發兒童空間探索的欲望，也為成人之間的交流提供了多樣化的社交場所。

源自當地民居的色彩柔和純凈的外墻、鏤空的砌塊墻、偶爾跳色的門和綠植以及引人注目的通風塔等具有鮮明地域性特征的要素，顯示了氣候響應與文脈延續的高度統一。

10 廣場/Square

11 內景/Interior view

12 庭院/Courtyard

（10-12 攝影/Photos: 哈維爾·卡列哈斯/Javier Callejas）

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: Due to the special target audiences of this project, what the architects created is not merely a residene, but also a home for the soul.The greatest features of this scheme are the use of the closed settlement to build a safe community and the employment of the clustered room layout to create a warm family atmosphere, which were just what these children missed. The design clearly reflects the climate characteristics and living habits of hot regions.Narrow streets and lanes form well-spaced "ventilation corridors", and the tall ventilation shafts capture the wind and amplify airflow - cost-free natural ventilation effectively improves the living environment. The public space scattered between each family not only remove the closed door but also eliminate the isolation from each other, allowing children to communicate and play freely. (Translated by Dandan Wang)

YUAN Ye: Based on hot and dry climate typology,SOS Children's Village forms a large family of small families in a "close" way, creating a natural structure like a honeycomb. The overall pattern of closure to the outside and opening to the inside meets the needs of security and helps to form a sense of community.Families establish a sense of domain through the ingenious transition from privacy to public. Zigzag alleys, mini squares and ubiquitous patios emphasise intelligent responses to shading, ventilation and cooling. External space is like a maze, which stimulates children's desire to explore space and provides a variety of social places for adults to communicate.

The elements with distinct regional characteristics,such as exterior walls with soft and pure colour, hollow block walls, occasional colourful doors and green plants,and eye-catching ventilation towers, show the high unity of climate response and context continuity.