閱讀理解對考生思維品質的考查

馮信燕

許多學生有這樣的疑惑：為什么我的詞匯量不錯，文章也能讀懂，可閱讀理解題的答題正確率還是不高呢？要解決這種讀得懂卻做不對的煩惱，關鍵在于提升我們自身的閱讀思維品質。什么是閱讀思維品質呢？閱讀思維品質是在閱讀過程中具有的思考辨析能力，包括分析、比較、概括、推理、判斷等能力。下面以2020年高考閱讀理解真題為例，來看看閱讀理解題是如何考查我們的思維品質的。

一、閱讀理解對概括能力的考查

閱讀理解對考生概括能力的考查常常體現在要求考生歸納出文章大意或某段的大意。解答這類題的關鍵是善于尋找文章或段落的主題句，因為主題句往往能體現文章或段落的中心思想題。

[例1]（2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇第32題）

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example， discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about？

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

我們通讀該段后，很容易發現這段為總分結構。主題句是“Recent studies have found positive effects”，為了論證這句話，后面舉了兩個例子來說明。那么，通過抓住這個主題句，我們很容易判斷D項正確。

二、閱讀理解對推理判斷能力的考查

閱讀理解對考生推理、判斷能力的考查體現在要求考生理解文章的深層含義，既要求考生能夠“read between the lines， 深層理解文章中某句、某段的含義，推斷出字面之外的弦外之音，又要求考生能夠梳理出文章、段落、甚至句際之間的邏輯關系，從而“推斷”出作者的態度、觀點、意圖等。

[例2]（2020年新高考全國Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇第32題）

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first， 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began， each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state， the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit， taking more food than they normally would have. However， they took， significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test， in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case， she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test：the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

14. Why did the researchers hire the actor？

A. To see how she would affect the participants.

B. To test if the participants could recognize her.

C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

這道題原文是沒有直接給出相關信息的，考生需要整合原文多處信息，才能推出研究人員雇傭這個演員的真實意圖。

首先考生要根據原文第二段中的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments”獲得這個實驗的目的：測試社交圈對飲食習慣的影響。再根據倒數第三段和第四段中的 the participants followed suit（參試者都跟著她做）可推斷，研究者雇請那個演員的目的是，看看她如何影響參試者。故選A項。

三、閱讀理解對考生分析比較能力的考查

閱讀理解對考生分析、比較能力的考查突出表現在要求我們能夠在易混淆的選項間選取角度進行分析和比較，從而排除錯誤選項。尤其是有些細節題，題干看似很簡單，選項也都取自原文信息，但如果考生缺乏較強的分析比較能力，那么很容易選錯。

[例3]（2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀C篇第28題）

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接觸）with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity， however， says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

本題問“為什么競走運動員是有條件的運動員？”

由題干中的conditioned athletes，我們很容易找到答題信息點在文章的第二段（上面節選部分）。第二句是介紹夏季奧運會上競走項目的競走距離;第三句（But后）是競走項目的規則要求;第四句是一位大學助理教授說競走這種奇怪的形式讓該項目成為一項吸引人的活動。

其中，第三句But the sports rules require that... 才是這項運動對運動員提出的規則要求，才對應題干中的“conditioned（有條件的）”，故選項C“他們必須遵守特殊的規則：在大部分的腿擺動過程中膝蓋要保持筆直，并且一只腳要始終與地面接觸”。

我們再來比較其余選項：

選項A“他們必須跑很長的距離”，雖然文中提到“夏季奧運會上最長的田徑項目是50公里競走”，但這是對該項目的介紹，而不是對參賽運動員設置的條件，而且也不是“跑”而是“走”。

選項B“他們有參加馬拉松比賽的資格”，而文中只是說“夏季奧運會上的競走距離比馬拉松比賽多五公里”，而不是要求運動員要有參加馬拉松比賽的資格。

選項D“他們擅長擺動他們的腿”，而文中信息是說“競走者在腿擺過程中膝蓋要保持筆直”。

總之，要提高閱讀理解的解題能力，單靠提高詞匯量是不夠的。我們還應該在平時英文閱讀時有意識地強化思維品質訓練，特別是培養分析、比較、推理、概括等思維能力。這些能力對我們抓住題干的核心，分析選項的對錯非常有意義。我們在平時閱讀時，要識別語篇類型，分析語篇結構，抓住文章主旨，推斷寫作目的等。同時，我們還應該加強對文章的句際理解，分析上下文之間是舉例補充、轉折，還是對比關系等，從而培養自己的邏輯推理能力，以加強對文章的深度理解。最后在對待錯題時，不能只關注正確選項是怎么來的，還應注意錯誤選項具體錯在哪，從而培養自身的分析、比較能力。

責任編輯 蔣小青