頡雅蘋?童志杰?樊慧峰?盧秉泰?陳容珊



【摘要】目的 研究CD4+CD25+叉頭樣轉錄因子3陽性(Foxp3+)調節性T淋巴細胞(Treg)及相關細胞因子、總IgE(TIgE)、特異性IgE(sIgE)在有或無特應征反復喘息幼兒外周血介導的免疫應答差異,為幼兒喘息性疾病的發展預測及治療提供新思路。方法 選擇反復喘息幼兒45例,分為特應征組22例和非特應征組23例,另選20名健康幼兒作為健康對照組,分別檢測3組幼兒外周靜脈血Treg計數和血清IL-10、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ、TGF-β及TIgE、sIgE水平。結果 特應征組吸入及食入變應原sIgE陽性率高于非特應征組(P均< 0.05)。特應征組外周血Treg計數和血清IL-10、IFN-γ水平低于非特應征組,而非特應征組低于對照組(P均< 0.05);特應征組血清IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TIgE水平高于非特應征組,而非特應征組高于對照組(P均< 0.05)。特應征組及非特應征組血清TGF-β水平比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),均高于對照組(P均< 0.05)。反復喘息患兒外周血Treg計數與血清IL-10水平呈正相關(r = 0.875,P < 0.001)。結論 Treg、IL-10、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β及IFN-γ可能參與了幼兒喘息,在過敏性疾病中發揮免疫調節作用。反復喘息幼兒外周血Treg計數與血清IL-10水平呈正相關。Treg與IL-10未來可能作為幼兒反復喘息早期預測及治療的新靶點。
【關鍵詞】喘息;兒童;T淋巴細胞;白介素-10;免疫球蛋白E;免疫調節
Study of levels of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, IL-10 and IgE in peripheral blood of children with repeated wheezing Xie Yaping, Tong Zhijie, Fan Huifeng, Lu Bingtai, Chen Rongshan. Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
Corresponding author, Tong Zhijie, E-mail: tongzhijie1972@ 163. com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the differences in the peripheral blood-mediated immune responses of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and related cytokines, total IgE (TIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) in children with or without atopic physique and repeated wheezing, aiming to provide novel ideas for the development prediction and treatment of infantile wheezing diseases. Methods Forty-five infants with repeated wheezing were selected and divided into the atopic (n = 22) and non-atopic groups (n = 23), and 20 healthy children were allocated into the normal control group. The counts of Treg, the levels of IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β and TIgE and sIgE in the peripheral blood were quantitatively detected. Results The positive rate of sIgE for inhalation and ingestion allergens in the atopic group was significantly higher than that in the non-atopic group (both P < 0.05). The peripheral blood Treg cell counts, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels in the atopic group were significantly lower compared with those in the non-atopic group, whereas the values in the non-atopic group were remarkably lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TIgE in the atopic group were significantly higher than those in the non-atopic group, whereas the levels in the non-atopic group were considerably higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The serum level TGF-β did not significantly differ between the atopic and non-atopic groups (P > 0.05), which were significantly higher than that in the control group (both P < 0.05). In children with repeated wheezing, the proportion of peripheral blood Treg cells was positively correlated with serum IL-10 levels (r = 0.875, P < 0.001). Conclusions Peripheral blood Treg cells, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TGF-β and IFN-γ may be involved with the infantile wheezing, and play an immunomodulatory role in allergic diseases. The counts of peripheral blood Treg cells is positively correlated with the serum IL-10 levels in infants with repeated wheezing. Treg and IL-10 may serve as novel targets for early prediction and treatment of repeated wheezing in the future.
三、反復喘息患兒外周血Treg計數與血清IL-10水平的相關性分析
反復喘息患兒外周血Treg計數與血清IL-10水平呈正相關(r = 0.875,P < 0.001),見圖2。
討論
幼兒反復喘息是一種異質性疾病,與煙草暴露、母親患哮喘、呼吸道病毒感染、特應征體質等因素有關[7-8]。臨床觀察顯示,具有特應征的反復喘息幼兒較不具有特應征幼兒更易發展至哮喘,但其發病機制尚不明確,隨著過敏性疾病發病率的增加,如何早期客觀評價幼兒反復喘息的性質并評估其預后,已成為當前兒科領域的重要挑戰。
現有研究顯示,支氣管哮喘是輔助性T淋巴細胞2型(Th2)介導的以氣道高反應、可逆的氣流受阻、氣道嗜酸性粒細胞浸潤、氣道黏液高分泌及血清高IgE為特征的氣道慢性炎癥性疾病[9]。一般認為,哮喘患者體內存在Th1/Th2失衡,Th1細胞受到抑制,Th2細胞異?;罨?,Th1細胞分泌的細胞因子IFN-γ和Th2細胞分泌的細胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13參與了過敏性哮喘[9]。本研究中,喘息患兒血清Th2細胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13水平較健康對照組升高,特應征組高于非特應征組,而血清IFN-γ水平降低,表明IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ參與了幼兒喘息性疾病的免疫應答,反復喘息與哮喘同樣具有Th1/Th2失衡,且在特應征組更明顯。TGF-β是涉及哮喘肺部持續性炎癥和氣道重塑方面重要的炎癥介質[10]。本研究中,反復喘息患兒血清TGF-β水平高于健康對照組,提示反復喘息患兒存在氣道炎癥及氣道重塑,Lezmi等[11]報道學齡前嚴重喘息及哮喘兒童存在慢性氣道炎癥及氣道重塑,但本研究中特應征組與非特應征組血清TGF-β水平接近,可能與患兒病情處于早期有關,還需延長時間繼續觀察。隨著年齡的增長,反復喘息可能導致未來持續性哮喘的風險增加,故應盡早對喘息患兒進行積極干預,避免其進展至持續性哮喘。
T淋巴細胞參與了機體的免疫應答與耐受[12]。CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg是具有免疫調節功能的淋巴細胞亞群,在支氣管哮喘發病機制中的作用受到廣泛關注。Baatjes等[13]報道,哮喘患者外周血中的Treg較非哮喘正常人減少。本研究采用CD4+CD25+Foxp3+作為Treg計數檢測標志物,與健康對照組相比,2組反復喘息患兒外周血Treg計數減少,特應征組明顯低于非特應征組,提示反復喘息的幼兒與哮喘存在相似的免疫反應。特應征組血清TIgE高于非特應征組,提示存在Treg減少及高水平TIgE的特應征反復喘息幼兒可能將來發展至持續哮喘的可能性更大,需要對這類患兒提早干預?,F有研究顯示,IL-10具有免疫抑制和免疫刺激作用,可由Treg產生,在減輕過敏反應炎癥方面發揮作用[14]。本研究中,與健康對照組相比,反復喘息幼兒IL-10水平降低,其中特應征組低于非特應征組,與Treg計數呈正相關,提示在過敏性疾病中,存在免疫不耐受,IL-10的降低可能促進了過敏性氣道疾病,這與國外相關報道一致[15]。研究結果提示,Treg計數與IL-10水平的監測,有可能作為評估幼兒喘息未來是否進展至過敏性哮喘的客觀指標。
兒童反復喘息的發生與變應原暴露有關[16]。在我國南方地區,塵螨是主要的吸入變應原[17]。我們發現,特應征組吸入變應原sIgE陽性率高于非特應征組,以屋塵螨/粉塵螨陽性占首位,塵螨水平為3級,高于非特應征組的2級水平,同時該組患兒的Treg計數減少及IL-10水平降低,提示可能存在吸入變應原不耐受,由于塵螨為常年性變應原,隨著患兒年齡的增長,氣道過敏性炎癥可能進一步加重,從而導致肺功能受損,發展至哮喘,因此對這部分患兒應早期干預,注意環境控制,減少或避免吸入變應原。特應征組食入變應原sIgE陽性率高于非特應征組,但2組檢測水平均不高(1 ~ 2級),否認食物過敏史,提示在臨床工作中應結合病史評估檢測結果,避免不必要的食物回避。本研究中,特應征組1例2歲患兒TIgE達3440 IU/ml,塵螨、蟑螂、真菌sIgE均陽性,其家居一樓,環境潮濕、發霉。真菌是強烈的致敏原,真菌致敏與持續性哮喘明顯相關[18]。我們在臨床工作中,對TIgE異常增高的喘息患兒應注意真菌檢測。
綜上所述,反復喘息的幼兒存在與哮喘相似的氣道炎癥,Treg計數減少與IL-10水平降低,TIgE及氣道炎癥因子水平增高,這在特應征患兒中尤其顯著。Treg與IL-10在免疫耐受、降低過敏性炎癥方面發揮重要作用,有可能作為預測幼兒喘息未來是否進展至過敏性哮喘的客觀指標。有特應征體質的反復喘息幼兒吸入變應原陽性以屋塵螨/粉塵螨占首位,應提早干預,未來塵螨sIgE水平持續增高的該類患兒發展至持續性哮喘的風險更大。由于本研究為回顧性研究,且入組病例有限,今后將進一步設計前瞻性研究,以更進一步明確Treg與IL-10在兒童呼吸道過敏性疾病的起病、發展和轉歸中的免疫調節作用。
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(收稿日期:2020-08-01)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)