



[摘要]"目的"探討不同的治療方法對肝門部膽管癌(HCCA)病人預后的影響。方法"回顧性分析我院2006—2015年收治的366例HCCA病人的臨床資料,并根據治療方法將病人分為根治性切除組、非根治性切除組和單純減黃組。使用Kaplan-Meier生存曲線進行生存分析,并使用Cox比例風險模型評估HCCA的獨立預后因素。結果"根治性切除組(115例)、非根治性切除組(97例)以及單純減黃組(154例)病人的1年生存率分別為71.7%、52.5%和35.3%,2年生存率分別為52.2%、25.8%和7.8%,3年生存率分別為36.7%、8.9%和0;中位生存期分別為23.6、14.7和9.7個月。3組病人的1、2、3年生存率及中位生存期比較差異均有統計學意義(χ2=34.31~64.55,Plt;0.001)。多因素分析顯示,治療方法、清蛋白、總膽紅素、術后病理T分期和遠處轉移等為HCCA的獨立預后指標。結論"根治性切除可顯著提高HCCA病人的生存率,提高清蛋白水平和降低總膽紅素水平可以改善HCCA病人的預后。
[關鍵詞]"Klatskin腫瘤;外科手術;預后;影響因素分析
[中圖分類號]"R735.7;R657.43
[文獻標志碼]"A
[文章編號]"2096-5532(2021)04-0481-06
肝門部膽管癌(HCCA),也稱為Klatskin瘤,是一種累及肝總管、左右肝管以及肝管匯合部分的腫瘤[1-3]。由于其特殊的生長位置、較低的切除率和較低的5年生存率,HCCA對于臨床醫生來說是一個頗具挑戰性的難題[4-6]。根治性切除可以延長HCCA病人生存期,從而使5年生存率達到20%~40%[7-10],但是大多數病人由于腫瘤位置較高或者已侵犯周圍血管神經,因此在診斷明確后不宜行根治性切除,故這些病人需行非根治性切除、內鏡逆行膽管置管引流(ERBD)或者經皮經肝膽管置管引流(PTCD)[8,11-12]。上述方法對HCCA病人生存的影響仍存在爭議[13]。此外,影響HCCA病人生存的預后因素也存在爭議。因此,本研究回顧性分析了2006年1月1日—2015年12月31日在我院接受治療的366例HCCA病人的臨床資料,探討不同治療方法對HCCA病人預后的影響。
1"資料和方法
1.1"一般資料
回顧性收集我院2006年1月1日—2015年12月31日收治的366例HCCA病人的臨床資料。本文366例病人,男233例,女133例;中位年齡60歲;平均住院時間16 d。所有病人均接受了上腹部增強CT、胰膽管造影磁共振成像(MRCP)和肝功能等術前檢查。伴有糖尿病、高血壓、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病等內科基礎疾病的病人44例。根據有關文獻重度飲酒和吸煙的診斷標準[14],有重度飲酒史者41例,有重度吸煙史者70例。本研究經青島大學附屬醫院倫理委員會審查批準,所有研究對象均同意在科學研究中使用其醫學信息。
1.2"納入標準
①病人首次診斷為HCCA,且之前未行其他治療;②病人后續隨訪信息可獲得;③組織病理學結果、實驗室檢查結果、影像學檢查結果等資料可獲得;④排除伴有重度心腦血管、腎臟、肺部基礎疾病及重度自身免疫性疾病的病人;⑤排除僅接受剖腹探查及腹腔鏡下探查并取活檢的病人。
1.3"病人分組
將病人分為3組:根治性切除組115例,非根治性切除組97例,單純減黃組154例。根治性切除定義為手術切緣的肉眼觀察及病理學結果皆為陰性(R0切除)。本文根治性切除組中,有110例病人術中根據Bismuth-Corlette分型進行了肝切除術。非根治性切除定義為術后病理結果提示切緣陽性(R1切除,54例)和肉眼觀察及病理結果皆提示切緣陽性(R2切除,43例)。單純減黃組病人的治療方式有兩種,包括ERBD(膽管支架通常是塑料的,術中平均置入的支架數量為每人2枚)和PTCD(放置引流管的平均數量為每人1根)[15]。
1.4"隨訪情況
隨訪主要包括電話聯系和門診復查隨訪,在必要時可進行信函和戶籍查詢。在最初的2年中,每3個月對病人進行一次隨訪,之后的隨訪周期為6個月。門診復查常規行血癌胚抗原(CEA)和糖類抗原19-9(CA19-9)、消化系統超聲、上腹部CT平掃等檢查,若考慮腫瘤復發時,再行增強CT、MRI等檢查,以明確復發與否。最后一次隨訪時間為2018年12月31日。生存期定義為初次治療至死亡或最后一次隨訪的時間。失訪者生存期不計入統計數據。
1.5"數據統計分析
所有數據均使用Microsoft Excel軟件(美國Microsoft公司)進行管理,并使用IBM SPSS Statistics軟件(版本20.0,美國IBM公司)進行統計分析。使用Kaplan-Meier生存曲線分析不同治療方法對生存的影響,構建Cox比例風險回歸模型進行HCCA預后影響因素的多因素分析。檢驗水準為α=0.05(雙向檢驗)。
2"結"果
2.1"各組生存情況比較
本研究共納入366例HCCA病人,其中42例失訪,隨訪率為88.5%。根治性切除組的中位生存期為23.6個月(1.0~71.0個月),1、2、3年生存率分別為71.7%、52.2%和36.7%;非根治性切除組的中位生存期為14.7個月(2.0~45.4個月),1、2、3年生存率分別為52.5%、25.8%和8.9%;單純減黃組的中位生存期為9.7個月(4.0~28.0個月),1、2、3年生存率分別為35.3%、7.8%和0。3組病人的1、2、3年生存率及中位生存期比較差異均有顯著性(χ2=34.31~64.55,Plt;0.001)。見圖1。行R1切除和R2切除病人的生存期(14.0個月vs 13.0個月)比較,以及接受ERBD治療和PTCD治療病人的生存期(9.0個月vs 8.7個月)比較,差異均無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05)。見圖2。
2.2"預后影響因素分析
單因素分析顯示,治療方法、清蛋白、前清蛋白、總膽紅素、C反應蛋白、腫瘤直徑、術后病理T分期、淋巴結轉移、遠處轉移和Bismuth-Corlette分型等與生存時間顯著相關。見表1。將這些差異具有統計學意義因素納入Cox比例風險回歸模型進行分析,結果顯示,治療方法(HR=1.88,95%CI=1.21~2.91)、清蛋白(HR=0.65,95%CI=0.45~0.94)、總膽紅素(HR=1.63,95%CI=1.02~2.59)、術后病理T分期(HR=1.43,95%CI=1.18~1.72)和遠處轉移(HR=2.29,95%CI=1.15~4.53)等為HCCA獨立預后影響因素。見表2。
3"討"論
本次研究的366例HCCA病人中,有212例病人接受了切除手術,根治性切除率為54.2%(115/212),比GUGLIELMI等[16]報道的76.7%要低,但GUGLIELMI等[16]僅研究了62例病人。本文手術切除病人的中位生存期明顯長于單純減黃處理病人,就中位生存期和1、2、3年生存率而言,根治性切除優于其他治療方法[17-19]。多因素分析結果也顯示,治療方法為HCCA的獨立預后影響因素。
對于僅接受單純減黃處理的HCCA病人,使用ERBD和PTCD治療對生存率無顯著影響。
本文研究結果顯示,清蛋白、總膽紅素水平為HCCA的獨立預后影響因素。清蛋白水平反映了在我院接受治療之前病人的空腹血清清蛋白水平,也可以反映病人的營養狀況[20-21]。當清蛋白水平低且營養狀況較差時,病人將無法接受外科手術等治療[22-23]。
本文研究結果顯示,清蛋白≥35 g/L的病人比清蛋白lt;35 g/L的病人具有更高的生存率。臨床上可通過靜脈輸注人血清蛋白改善HCCA病人的預后[24-25]。將病人按照術前總膽紅素水平(以40 mg/L為界)進行分組對照研究,結果顯示,兩組病人的生存率存在顯著差異,這反映了總膽紅素對HCCA病人預后的影響;多因素分析也顯示,總膽紅素是HCCA的一個獨立預后因素。血清膽紅素水平升高可對全身多個器官造成損害,因此術前降低膽紅素水平可改善預后[2,26-28]。但術前膽紅素水平為多少適合先行減黃處理和膽紅素降至多少可行手術治療等問題仍存在爭議[29-31]。
本文結果顯示,術后病理T分期和遠處轉移為HCCA的獨立預后影響因素。我院對HCCA病人的治療主要集中在肝膽外科,有些在其他科室接受治療的HCCA病人具有較早的Bismuth-Corlette分期,CT或MRI等檢查顯示無遠處轉移,因此接受了非手術治療,從而使這部分病人錯失了根治性切除的機會。目前,HCCA的治療仍有多種方法可供選擇[32-33]。因此,多學科聯合診治對改善HCCA病人的預后具有重要的價值[34-36]。
總之,早期診斷和根治性手術切除對于延長HCCA的生存期很重要,術前提高清蛋白水平和降低總膽紅素水平有助于改善HCCA病人的預后。
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(本文編輯"馬偉平)