雷婷
【摘 要】師生對話是英語課堂教學中常見的教學形式,而有效追問是師生課堂對話的一門藝術。本文立足于英語課堂,針對當下課堂中師生對話存在的流于形式、浮于表面等現象,思考教師應如何進行有效追問,從而生成高效精彩的英語課堂。
【關鍵詞】課堂教學 有效追問 精彩課堂
在課堂教學中,追問是指教師在學生回答問題后,根據學生的回答,進行“二次提問”,從而激活學生思維,引發學生深層次的思考,培養學生的思維品質。在當下的英語課堂中,師生對話存在很多流于形式、浮于表面的現象。筆者認為在這樣無情境的對話中進行的追問屬于無效追問。那么,在英語課堂中,教師該如何進行有效追問呢?
一、緊扣教學內容是有效追問的前提
英語課堂本質上是師生交流的過程。教師只有在緊扣教學內容的對話中對學生進行有效追問,才能激發學生對教學內容的進一步思考,從而使學生更深入地理解所學內容。下面是一位教師在教學譯林版牛津小學英語 5A Unit 9 Shapes 時的教學片段:
T:Boys and girls, look around us. What shape is our English book?
Ss:It’ s a rectangle.
T:Yes. What is a rectangle too?(追問一)
S1:The blackboard.
T:Good. What other shapes can you find here?(追問二)
S1:I can find a circle.
T:Yes. The clock on the wall is a circle. Try to think what are circles in our life?(追問三)
S1:The sun is a circle.
T:What other shapes can we find in our life?(追問四)
S1:We can find square、triangle、diamond and so on.
T:Great! Boys and girls, different things have different shapes. We can find shapes everywhere in our life.
二、創設真實語境是有效追問的基礎
在英語課堂中,教師應該根據教學需要利用各種資源創設真實語境。只有在真實語境中,教師的追問才能有意義和價值,從而讓學生真正學會用英語去思考,用英語去做事。
(一)實而不虛,言之有物
在譯林版牛津小學英語 3B Unit 3 Is this your pencil?的Story time板塊的教學中,教師為了讓學生能正確用句型Is this/that…?詢問物主,設計了一個失物招領(Lost and Found)的活動,引導學生進行對話。
T:Boys and girls. Here are some lost pencils. (拿出一支鉛筆)Whose pencil is this?(走向一位學生)Hi,
Liu Ming! Is this your pencil?
S1:No, it isn’t.
T:Did you lose your pencil?(追問一)
S1:Yes.
T:What color is your lost pencil?(追問二)
S1:It’s yellow.
T:Is this your pencil?(拿出黃色的鉛筆,追問三)
S1:No, it isn’t. My pencil is long.
T:A long yellow pencil. Is this your pencil?(追問四)
S1:Yes,it is.
教師創設的語境與學生的實際生活有緊密聯系,有情有境,非常真實,師生之間有話可說,言之有物。
(二)活而不僵,激活思維
在英語課堂中,教師要根據學生不同的回答情況進行適時恰當的追問引導,充分激活學生的思維,提高學生的思維能力。下面是一位教師的課堂教學片段。
T:Boys and girls, this lesson we are going to learn unit6 planning for the weekend (part A).So, can you guess what are we going to do in this lesson?
S1:We are going to read dialogues.
T:What dialogues are we going to read?(追問一)
S1:We are going to read dialogues about unit 6.
T:You are right. What else are we going to do?(追問二)
S2:Maybe we are going to do some exercises.
T:What kind of exercises do you think are we going to do?(追問三)
S2:Maybe we are going to write some words.
T:Are we going to listen to some dialogues?(追問四)
S2:Yes.
葉圣陶先生曾說過:“教師為之教,不在全盤授予,而是在于相機誘導。”教師在對話一開始時就在真實語境中拋出問題,引發學生思考。在學生給出答案后,對話沒有戛然而止,而是由教師適當地進行深層次的追問,引發學生的再次思考,使學生更加深刻地理解他們所學的知識。
三、把握適當契機是有效追問的關鍵
1.平淡處追問——環環相扣,延續話輪
縱觀當下的小學英語課堂,師生之間的對話很多,但多數都是由教師提出一些展示性的問題,學生只要回答Yes或者No,沒有任何意義;師生之間的“話輪”通常很短,對學生思維的改善,語言的豐富沒有多少價值。倘若教師能在學生看似平常的回答中找到可以發散的點,把握契機進行追問,教師環環相扣的追問能夠幫助學生不斷地用英語去思考,激活學生的思維,豐富語言,從而延長師生之間的話輪。
T:What day is it today?
Ss:Today is Monday.
T:Yes. It’s a new week. How were you last weekend?
S1:It was fun.
T:What did you do?
S1:I flew a kite.
T:Where did you fly the kite?(追問一)
S1:I flew the kite in the park.
T:Who did you go with?(追問二)
S1:I went with my friend.
T:What kite did you fly?(追問三)
S1:I flew a butterfly kite
T:Did you have a good time there?(追問四)
S1:Yes,I did.
2.細節處追問——抽絲剝繭,拓展深度
在課堂教學中,教師經常會忽略一些細節問題,這往往會導致課堂教學質量不高。因此,教師要關注課堂上的一些小細節,捕捉有價值的細節問題步步追問,拓展深度,煥發出課堂的活力。例如,在教學譯林版牛津小學英語6B Unit 6 planning for the weekend時,授課教師在Free talk時的教學片段:
T:Boys and girls, today is Friday. So weekend is coming.What are you going to do at the weekend?Do you have any plans?
S1:I don’t like weekends.
T:Why?
S1:My parents have planned many lessons for me at the weekends.
T:How do you think of your weekend?(追問一)
S1:It’s very boring.
T:You must be tired. If you can plan your weekend by yourself, what are you going to do?(追問二)
S1:I am going to play football with my friends. I am going to draw in the park. I am going to ride bikes with my sister and so on.
T:Are you going to have any lessons at the weekend?(追問四)
S1:Yes. I am going to have a swimming lesson at the weekend. I love swimming.
T:I think you can communicate with your parents. I hope you can have a happy weekend.
S1:Thank you.
顯然學生回答“I don’t like weekends.”,這和教師預設的答案不一樣,教師的四次追問,不僅發掘出了有價值的信息,也讓學生的情感得到了釋放,這才是真正有生命力的課堂。
3.錯誤處追問——和風細雨,糾錯無痕
在語言學習中,學生們在開口說英語時經常會犯各種各樣的錯誤,但教師以什么樣的方式對待學生的錯誤至關重要。教師應該能在學生犯錯時做出快速的反應,在錯誤處進行暗示性追問,把握追問的時機,引導學生自己去發現錯誤,這樣既不會打擊學生的學習積極性,也能使師生對話完整、流暢。例如,教師在課堂導入時和學生的對話如下:
T:Who loves to travel?
S1:I loves to travel. (學生在回答時出現了語法錯誤)
T:How about your mother? Does your mother love to travel?(追問一)
S1:Yes. She loves to travel.
T:Your mother loves to travel. You love to travel. Right? (暗示性的追問二)
S1:Yes. I love to travel. (學生意識到自己的錯誤改正了過來)
T:Me too. I love to travel too.
在上面的案例中,教師的高明之處就在于沒有直接打斷學生的錯誤給出正確答案,而是通過兩次暗示性的追問,引導學生自己發現錯誤并進行自我糾正。這樣,不僅糾正了學生的錯誤,同時也不會挫傷學生的學習積極性,可謂一舉多得。
4.留白處追問——拓展延伸,生成精彩
在譯林版牛津小學英語的閱讀材料中有不少留白,教師可以充分發掘這一教材資源,適時追問,激發學生的想象力,促成拓展延伸。例如,在教學4B Unit 4 Drawing in the park的Story time板塊時,筆者在即將下課時與學生做了如下對話。
T:Mike and Tim draw pictures in the park. We know that Tim can draw trees and flowers very well, but he can’t draw the boat well. It’s difficult for him. What can Mike draw?Can you guess?(追問一)
S1:He can draw trees and flowers too.
T:How do you know?(追問二)
S1:He’s Tim’s brother. Tim can draw them well.
T:Sounds reasonable. Can he only draw flowers and trees?(追問三)
S2:He can draw a boat on the river.
T:What else?(追問四)
S2:He can draw some hills.
T:Can you draw these things?(追問五)
S2:It’s difficult, but I can try.
本篇小故事圍繞Mike和Tim在公園畫畫展開,文中只提到了Tim會畫什么,不會畫什么,沒有提到Mike。因此,筆者抓住了這一留白處,在課堂快結束時,有針對性地對學生進行追問,引發學生進行深度思考,激發學生語言表達的自主性,生成真實精彩的課堂。
總之,有效的課堂追問是一門值得探究的學問。教師在課堂上應該要具有追問的意識,并且具備追問的能力,這體現的是教師的教學機智和課堂駕馭能力。因此,教師在課堂上應樹立追問意識,用心聆聽,把握追問契機,靈活運用追問激活、深化和提升學生的思維,生成真實、靈動、精彩的課堂。